NAME OF THE ORGANISM: Xiphinema diversicaudatum (XIPHDI)

No

In general, Longidorus spp. and Xiphinema spp. can cause direct feeding damage which can result in yield loss. However, there are many factors affecting the level of impact to the yield. The main factors include (but not limited to) infestation level, host, maturity of host, virus presence and external stresses. The potential damage from nepoviruses is typically of greater concern than direct nematode feeding.
Tomato black ring virus (TBRV), Arabis mosaic virus (AMV), Raspberry ringspot virus (RRV) and Strawberry latent ringspot virus (SLRV) are reported from this host (Fera internal records).
X. diversicaudatum is reported to vector AMV, RRV and SLRV (Taylor & Brown, 1997).
Reaction of strawberry cultivars to the viruses vectored are largely unknown.

No

Not candidate

Not candidate

Xiphinema diversicaudatum has an extensive host range. It is most frequently associated with plant species growing in temperate arable, permanent pasture and deciduous woodland soils and much less frequently with coniferous, scrubland and moorland plants (Thomas, 1970; Pitcher et al., 1974; Taylor and Brown, 1997 – cited from CABI, 2021). Juglans regia has been reported as a host plant (Šubíková et al., 2002).
The nematode is actively moving < 1m per year. Consequently, the main pathway for dispersal is via soil, growth medium, soil attached to roots, etc. (CABI, 2021). Dissemination of the virus can occur if nematode vectors are dispersed with soil movements caused by rain or erosion. Nematodes may be carried in the soil adhering to farm equipment and machinery or, occasionally, to the feet of birds and other animals. Some nematodes can also be dispersed by wind-blown soil dust; however, this is unlikely for longidorids which generally do not withstand desiccation (EFSA PLH Panel, 2013).
Long-distance dispersal of longidorids occurs when plants intended for planting (e.g. nursery stock) with soil adhering to the roots are harvested from infested fields and transported to new areas (EFSA PLH Panel, 2013). When moved with naked roots (what can be the case under some circumstances for Juglans regia), plants for planting is not a pathway.
Xiphinema diversicaudatum is not known to be dispersed by true seeds (CABI, 2021).
It is a vector of arabis mosaic virus (ArMV, nepovirus) and strawberry latent ringspot virus (SLRSV, stralarivirus) (CABI, 2021).

This nematode is relatively widespread. However, it is not known whether it is already present in most fields:
In all Austrian winegrowing regions soil samples were taken from viticultural as well as agricultural areas and tested for nematodes of the family Longidoridae. To obtain a complete overview of the distribution of Longidoridae, samples were also taken from the riparian forests along the rivers Danube and March. The virus vector X. diversicaudatum was considered rare according to current knowledge, although X. diversicaudatum was fairly abundant in common pastures and under fruit trees in Styria, and in the alluvial forests of the Danube and the March (Tiefenbrunner et al., 2011).
In Spain, X. diversicaudatum is fairly widespread in the north (central region is the southern limit of its distribution), frequent in fruit trees (Arias & Andrés, 1989). It is reported from Andalucia, Aragon, Castilla y Leon, Castilla-La Mancha, Extremadura, Madrid, Navarra, La Rioja & Communidad Valanciana (SEF, 2023).

The Fruit SEWG considered that this free living nematode was very vulnerable. Even when plants for planting are cultivated in the field, new substrate is generally used for repotting. The substrate used is most often cleaned/steamed, bought from professional operators, and the risk that these nematodes are transported with plants for planting is considered limited.

Considering production practices and uncertainty on distribution, the Fruit SEWG concluded that plants for planting should not be considered a significant pathway.

No

In general, Longidorus spp. and Xiphinema spp. can cause direct feeding damage which can result in yield loss. However, there are many factors affecting the level of impact to the yield. The main factors include (but not limited to) infestation level, host, maturity of host, virus presence and external stresses. The potential damage from nepoviruses is typically of greater concern than direct nematode feeding.
Xiphinema diversicaudatum is reported to vector AMV, RRV and SLRV (Taylor & Brown, 1997).
X. diversicaudatum is reported from walnut, but little damage is described; no reports (of damage) on walnut infected with these viruses.

No

Not candidate

There is little damage recorded by the nematode itself and by viruses to J. regia. Although damage could be caused if the viruses are transferred to other hosts of concern, the Xiphinema only move for short distances and there are no specific reports of transfer from Juglans.

Not candidate

Xiphinema diversicaudatum has an extensive host range. It is most frequently associated with plant species growing in temperate arable, permanent pasture and deciduous woodland soils and much less frequently with coniferous, scrubland and moorland plants (Thomas, 1970; Pitcher et al., 1974; Taylor and Brown, 1997 – cited from CABI, 2021).
The nematode is actively moving < 1m per year. Consequently, the main pathway for dispersal is via soil, growth medium, soil attached to roots, etc. (CABI, 2021). Dissemination of the virus can occur if nematode vectors are dispersed with soil movements caused by rain or erosion. Nematodes may be carried in the soil adhering to farm equipment and machinery or, occasionally, to the feet of birds and other animals. Some nematodes can also be dispersed by wind-blown soil dust; however, this is unlikely for longidorids which generally do not withstand desiccation (EFSA PLH Panel, 2013).
Long-distance dispersal of longidorids occurs when plants intended for planting (e.g. nursery stock) with soil adhering to the roots are harvested from infested fields and transported to new areas (EFSA PLH Panel, 2013). When moved with naked roots, plants for planting is not a pathway.
Xiphinema diversicaudatum is not known to be dispersed by true seeds (CABI, 2021).

This nematode is relatively widespread. However, it is not known whether it is already present in most fields:
In all Austrian winegrowing regions soil samples were taken from viticultural as well as agricultural areas and tested for nematodes of the family Longidoridae. To obtain a complete overview of the distribution of Longidoridae, samples were also taken from the riparian forests along the rivers Danube and March. The virus vector X. diversicaudatum was considered rare according to current knowledge, although X. diversicaudatum was fairly abundant in common pastures and under fruit trees in Styria, and in the alluvial forests of the Danube and the March (Tiefenbrunner et al., 2011).
In Spain, X. diversicaudatum is fairly widespread in the north (central region is the southern limit of its distribution), frequent in fruit trees (Arias & Andrés, 1989). It is reported from Andalucia, Aragon, Castilla y Leon, Castilla-La Mancha, Extremadura, Madrid, Navarra, La Rioja & Communidad Valanciana (SEF, 2023).

The Fruit SEWG considered that this free living nematode was very vulnerable. Even when plants for planting are cultivated in the field, new substrate is generally used for repotting. The substrate used is most often cleaned/steamed, bought from professional operators, and the risk that these nematodes are transported with plants for planting is considered limited.

Considering production practices and uncertainty on distribution, the Fruit SEWG concluded that plants for planting should not be considered a significant pathway.

Not candidate

Xiphinema diversicaudatum has an extensive host range. It is most frequently associated with plant species growing in temperate arable, permanent pasture and deciduous woodland soils and much less frequently with coniferous, scrubland and moorland plants (Thomas, 1970; Pitcher et al., 1974; Taylor and Brown, 1997 – cited from CABI, 2021).
P. armeniaca is a host plant (CABI, 2021).
The nematode is actively moving < 1m per year. Consequently, the main pathway for dispersal is via soil, growth medium, soil attached to roots, etc. (CABI, 2021). Dissemination of the virus can occur if nematode vectors are dispersed with soil movements caused by rain or erosion. Nematodes may be carried in the soil adhering to farm equipment and machinery or, occasionally, to the feet of birds and other animals. Some nematodes can also be dispersed by wind-blown soil dust; however, this is unlikely for longidorids which generally do not withstand desiccation (EFSA PLH Panel, 2013).
Long-distance dispersal of longidorids occurs when plants intended for planting (e.g. nursery stock) with soil adhering to the roots are harvested from infested fields and transported to new areas (EFSA PLH Panel, 2013). When moved with naked roots, plants for planting is not a pathway.
Xiphinema diversicaudatum is not known to be dispersed by true seeds (CABI, 2021).

This nematode is relatively widespread. However, it is not known whether it is already present in most fields:
In all Austrian winegrowing regions soil samples were taken from viticultural as well as agricultural areas and tested for nematodes of the family Longidoridae. To obtain a complete overview of the distribution of Longidoridae, samples were also taken from the riparian forests along the rivers Danube and March. The virus vector X. diversicaudatum was considered rare according to current knowledge, although X. diversicaudatum was fairly abundant in common pastures and under fruit trees in Styria, and in the alluvial forests of the Danube and the March (Tiefenbrunner et al., 2011).
In Spain, X. diversicaudatum is fairly widespread in the north (central region is the southern limit of its distribution), frequent in fruit trees (Arias & Andrés, 1989). It is reported from Andalucia, Aragon, Castilla y Leon, Castilla-La Mancha, Extremadura, Madrid, Navarra, La Rioja & Communidad Valanciana (SEF, 2023).

The Fruit SEWG considered that this free living nematode was very vulnerable. Even when plants for planting are cultivated in the field, new substrate is generally used for repotting. The substrate used is most often cleaned/steamed, bought from professional operators, and the risk that these nematodes are transported with plants for planting is considered limited.

Considering production practices and uncertainty on distribution, the Fruit SEWG concluded that plants for planting should not be considered a significant pathway.

Not candidate

Xiphinema diversicaudatum has an extensive host range. It is most frequently associated with plant species growing in temperate arable, permanent pasture and deciduous woodland soils and much less frequently with coniferous, scrubland and moorland plants (Thomas, 1970; Pitcher et al., 1974; Taylor and Brown, 1997 – cited from CABI, 2021). P. avium is reported as a host plant (Arias, 1983; Arias et al., 1985; Arias & Andrés, 1989).
The nematode is actively moving < 1m per year. Consequently, the main pathway for dispersal is via soil, growth medium, soil attached to roots, etc. (CABI, 2021). Dissemination of the virus can occur if nematode vectors are dispersed with soil movements caused by rain or erosion. Nematodes may be carried in the soil adhering to farm equipment and machinery or, occasionally, to the feet of birds and other animals. Some nematodes can also be dispersed by wind-blown soil dust; however, this is unlikely for longidorids which generally do not withstand desiccation (EFSA PLH Panel, 2013).
Long-distance dispersal of longidorids occurs when plants intended for planting (e.g. nursery stock) with soil adhering to the roots are harvested from infested fields and transported to new areas (EFSA PLH Panel, 2013). When moved with naked roots, plants for planting is not a pathway.
Xiphinema diversicaudatum is not known to be dispersed by true seeds (CABI, 2021).

This nematode is relatively widespread. However, it is not known whether it is already present in most fields:
In all Austrian winegrowing regions soil samples were taken from viticultural as well as agricultural areas and tested for nematodes of the family Longidoridae. To obtain a complete overview of the distribution of Longidoridae, samples were also taken from the riparian forests along the rivers Danube and March. The virus vector X. diversicaudatum was considered rare according to current knowledge, although X. diversicaudatum was fairly abundant in common pastures and under fruit trees in Styria, and in the alluvial forests of the Danube and the March (Tiefenbrunner et al., 2011).
In Spain, X. diversicaudatum is fairly widespread in the north (central region is the southern limit of its distribution), frequent in fruit trees (Arias & Andrés, 1989). It is reported from Andalucia, Aragon, Castilla y Leon, Castilla-La Mancha, Extremadura, Madrid, Navarra, La Rioja & Communidad Valanciana (SEF, 2023).

The Fruit SEWG considered that this free living nematode was very vulnerable. Even when plants for planting are cultivated in the field, new substrate is generally used for repotting. The substrate used is most often cleaned/steamed, bought from professional operators, and the risk that these nematodes are transported with plants for planting is considered limited.

Considering production practices and uncertainty on distribution, the Fruit SEWG concluded that plants for planting should not be considered a significant pathway.

Not candidate

Xiphinema diversicaudatum has an extensive host range. It is most frequently associated with plant species growing in temperate arable, permanent pasture and deciduous woodland soils and much less frequently with coniferous, scrubland and moorland plants (Thomas, 1970; Pitcher et al., 1974; Taylor and Brown, 1997 – cited from CABI, 2021).
The nematode is actively moving < 1m per year. Consequently, the main pathway for dispersal is via soil, growth medium, soil attached to roots, etc. (CABI, 2021). Dissemination of the virus can occur if nematode vectors are dispersed with soil movements caused by rain or erosion. Nematodes may be carried in the soil adhering to farm equipment and machinery or, occasionally, to the feet of birds and other animals. Some nematodes can also be dispersed by wind-blown soil dust; however, this is unlikely for longidorids which generally do not withstand desiccation (EFSA PLH Panel, 2013).
Long-distance dispersal of longidorids occurs when plants intended for planting (e.g. nursery stock) with soil adhering to the roots are harvested from infested fields and transported to new areas (EFSA PLH Panel, 2013). When moved with naked roots, plants for planting is not a pathway.
Xiphinema diversicaudatum is not known to be dispersed by true seeds (CABI, 2021).

This nematode is relatively widespread. However, it is not known whether it is already present in most fields:
In all Austrian winegrowing regions soil samples were taken from viticultural as well as agricultural areas and tested for nematodes of the family Longidoridae. To obtain a complete overview of the distribution of Longidoridae, samples were also taken from the riparian forests along the rivers Danube and March. The virus vector X. diversicaudatum was considered rare according to current knowledge, although X. diversicaudatum was fairly abundant in common pastures and under fruit trees in Styria, and in the alluvial forests of the Danube and the March (Tiefenbrunner et al., 2011).
In Spain, X. diversicaudatum is fairly widespread in the north (central region is the southern limit of its distribution), frequent in fruit trees (Arias & Andrés, 1989). It is reported from Andalucia, Aragon, Castilla y Leon, Castilla-La Mancha, Extremadura, Madrid, Navarra, La Rioja & Communidad Valanciana (SEF, 2023).

The Fruit SEWG considered that this free living nematode was very vulnerable. Even when plants for planting are cultivated in the field, new substrate is generally used for repotting. The substrate used is most often cleaned/steamed, bought from professional operators, and the risk that these nematodes are transported with plants for planting is considered limited.

Considering production practices and uncertainty on distribution, the Fruit SEWG concluded that plants for planting should not be considered a significant pathway.

Not candidate

Xiphinema diversicaudatum has an extensive host range. It is most frequently associated with plant species growing in temperate arable, permanent pasture and deciduous woodland soils and much less frequently with coniferous, scrubland and moorland plants (Thomas, 1970; Pitcher et al., 1974; Taylor and Brown, 1997 – cited from CABI, 2021).
P. domestica is a host plant (CABI, 2021).
The nematode is actively moving < 1m per year. Consequently, the main pathway for dispersal is via soil, growth medium, soil attached to roots, etc. (CABI, 2021). Dissemination of the virus can occur if nematode vectors are dispersed with soil movements caused by rain or erosion. Nematodes may be carried in the soil adhering to farm equipment and machinery or, occasionally, to the feet of birds and other animals. Some nematodes can also be dispersed by wind-blown soil dust; however, this is unlikely for longidorids which generally do not withstand desiccation (EFSA PLH Panel, 2013).
Long-distance dispersal of longidorids occurs when plants intended for planting (e.g. nursery stock) with soil adhering to the roots are harvested from infested fields and transported to new areas (EFSA PLH Panel, 2013). When moved with naked roots, plants for planting is not a pathway.
Xiphinema diversicaudatum is not known to be dispersed by true seeds (CABI, 2021).

This nematode is relatively widespread. However, it is not known whether it is already present in most fields:
In all Austrian winegrowing regions soil samples were taken from viticultural as well as agricultural areas and tested for nematodes of the family Longidoridae. To obtain a complete overview of the distribution of Longidoridae, samples were also taken from the riparian forests along the rivers Danube and March. The virus vector X. diversicaudatum was considered rare according to current knowledge, although X. diversicaudatum was fairly abundant in common pastures and under fruit trees in Styria, and in the alluvial forests of the Danube and the March (Tiefenbrunner et al., 2011).
In Spain, X. diversicaudatum is fairly widespread in the north (central region is the southern limit of its distribution), frequent in fruit trees (Arias & Andrés, 1989). It is reported from Andalucia, Aragon, Castilla y Leon, Castilla-La Mancha, Extremadura, Madrid, Navarra, La Rioja & Communidad Valanciana (SEF, 2023).

The Fruit SEWG considered that this free living nematode was very vulnerable. Even when plants for planting are cultivated in the field, new substrate is generally used for repotting. The substrate used is most often cleaned/steamed, bought from professional operators, and the risk that these nematodes are transported with plants for planting is considered limited.

Considering production practices and uncertainty on distribution, the Fruit SEWG concluded that plants for planting should not be considered a significant pathway.

Not candidate

Xiphinema diversicaudatum has an extensive host range. It is most frequently associated with plant species growing in temperate arable, permanent pasture and deciduous woodland soils and much less frequently with coniferous, scrubland and moorland plants (Thomas, 1970; Pitcher et al., 1974; Taylor and Brown, 1997 – cited from CABI, 2021).
P. persica is a host plant (Arias, 1983; CABI, 2021).
The nematode is actively moving < 1m per year. Consequently, the main pathway for dispersal is via soil, growth medium, soil attached to roots, etc. (CABI, 2021). Dissemination of the virus can occur if nematode vectors are dispersed with soil movements caused by rain or erosion. Nematodes may be carried in the soil adhering to farm equipment and machinery or, occasionally, to the feet of birds and other animals. Some nematodes can also be dispersed by wind-blown soil dust; however, this is unlikely for longidorids which generally do not withstand desiccation (EFSA PLH Panel, 2013).
Long-distance dispersal of longidorids occurs when plants intended for planting (e.g. nursery stock) with soil adhering to the roots are harvested from infested fields and transported to new areas (EFSA PLH Panel, 2013). When moved with naked roots, plants for planting is not a pathway.
Xiphinema diversicaudatum is not known to be dispersed by true seeds (CABI, 2021).

This nematode is relatively widespread. However, it is not known whether it is already present in most fields:
In all Austrian winegrowing regions soil samples were taken from viticultural as well as agricultural areas and tested for nematodes of the family Longidoridae. To obtain a complete overview of the distribution of Longidoridae, samples were also taken from the riparian forests along the rivers Danube and March. The virus vector X. diversicaudatum was considered rare according to current knowledge, although X. diversicaudatum was fairly abundant in common pastures and under fruit trees in Styria, and in the alluvial forests of the Danube and the March (Tiefenbrunner et al., 2011).
In Spain, X. diversicaudatum is fairly widespread in the north (central region is the southern limit of its distribution), frequent in fruit trees (Arias & Andrés, 1989). It is reported from Andalucia, Aragon, Castilla y Leon, Castilla-La Mancha, Extremadura, Madrid, Navarra, La Rioja & Communidad Valanciana (SEF, 2023).

The Fruit SEWG considered that this free living nematode was very vulnerable. Even when plants for planting are cultivated in the field, new substrate is generally used for repotting. The substrate used is most often cleaned/steamed, bought from professional operators, and the risk that these nematodes are transported with plants for planting is considered limited.

Considering production practices and uncertainty on distribution, the Fruit SEWG concluded that plants for planting should not be considered a significant pathway.

Not candidate

Xiphinema diversicaudatum has an extensive host range. It is most frequently associated with plant species growing in temperate arable, permanent pasture and deciduous woodland soils and much less frequently with coniferous, scrubland and moorland plants (Thomas, 1970; Pitcher et al., 1974; Taylor and Brown, 1997 – cited from CABI, 2021).
P. salicina is a host plant (CABI, 2021).
The nematode is actively moving < 1m per year. Consequently, the main pathway for dispersal is via soil, growth medium, soil attached to roots, etc. (CABI, 2021). Dissemination of the virus can occur if nematode vectors are dispersed with soil movements caused by rain or erosion. Nematodes may be carried in the soil adhering to farm equipment and machinery or, occasionally, to the feet of birds and other animals. Some nematodes can also be dispersed by wind-blown soil dust; however, this is unlikely for longidorids which generally do not withstand desiccation (EFSA PLH Panel, 2013).
Long-distance dispersal of longidorids occurs when plants intended for planting (e.g. nursery stock) with soil adhering to the roots are harvested from infested fields and transported to new areas (EFSA PLH Panel, 2013). When moved with naked roots, plants for planting is not a pathway.
Xiphinema diversicaudatum is not known to be dispersed by true seeds (CABI, 2021).

This nematode is relatively widespread. However, it is not known whether it is already present in most fields:
In all Austrian winegrowing regions soil samples were taken from viticultural as well as agricultural areas and tested for nematodes of the family Longidoridae. To obtain a complete overview of the distribution of Longidoridae, samples were also taken from the riparian forests along the rivers Danube and March. The virus vector X. diversicaudatum was considered rare according to current knowledge, although X. diversicaudatum was fairly abundant in common pastures and under fruit trees in Styria, and in the alluvial forests of the Danube and the March (Tiefenbrunner et al., 2011).
In Spain, X. diversicaudatum is fairly widespread in the north (central region is the southern limit of its distribution), frequent in fruit trees (Arias & Andrés, 1989). It is reported from Andalucia, Aragon, Castilla y Leon, Castilla-La Mancha, Extremadura, Madrid, Navarra, La Rioja & Communidad Valanciana (SEF, 2023).

The Fruit SEWG considered that this free living nematode was very vulnerable. Even when plants for planting are cultivated in the field, new substrate is generally used for repotting. The substrate used is most often cleaned/steamed, bought from professional operators, and the risk that these nematodes are transported with plants for planting is considered limited.

Considering production practices and uncertainty on distribution, the Fruit SEWG concluded that plants for planting should not be considered a significant pathway.

Not candidate

Xiphinema diversicaudatum has an extensive host range. It is most frequently associated with plant species growing in temperate arable, permanent pasture and deciduous woodland soils and much less frequently with coniferous, scrubland and moorland plants (Thomas, 1970; Pitcher et al., 1974; Taylor and Brown, 1997 – cited from CABI, 2021). Ribes is reported as a host (NEMAPLEX, 2024).
The nematode is actively moving < 1m per year. Consequently, the main pathway for dispersal is via soil, growth medium, soil attached to roots, etc. (CABI, 2021). Dissemination of the virus can occur if nematode vectors are dispersed with soil movements caused by rain or erosion. Nematodes may be carried in the soil adhering to farm equipment and machinery or, occasionally, to the feet of birds and other animals. Some nematodes can also be dispersed by wind-blown soil dust; however, this is unlikely for longidorids which generally do not withstand desiccation (EFSA PLH Panel, 2013).
Long-distance dispersal of longidorids occurs when plants intended for planting (e.g. nursery stock) with soil adhering to the roots are harvested from infested fields and transported to new areas (EFSA PLH Panel, 2013). When moved with naked roots, plants for planting is not a pathway.
Xiphinema diversicaudatum is not known to be dispersed by true seeds (CABI, 2021).

This nematode is relatively widespread. However, it is not known whether it is already present in most fields:
In all Austrian winegrowing regions soil samples were taken from viticultural as well as agricultural areas and tested for nematodes of the family Longidoridae. To obtain a complete overview of the distribution of Longidoridae, samples were also taken from the riparian forests along the rivers Danube and March. The virus vector X. diversicaudatum was considered rare according to current knowledge, although X. diversicaudatum was fairly abundant in common pastures and under fruit trees in Styria, and in the alluvial forests of the Danube and the March (Tiefenbrunner et al., 2011).
In Spain, X. diversicaudatum is fairly widespread in the north (central region is the southern limit of its distribution), frequent in fruit trees (Arias & Andrés, 1989). It is reported from Andalucia, Aragon, Castilla y Leon, Castilla-La Mancha, Extremadura, Madrid, Navarra, La Rioja & Communidad Valanciana (SEF, 2023).

The Fruit SEWG considered that this free living nematode was very vulnerable. Even when plants for planting are cultivated in the field, new substrate is generally used for repotting. The substrate used is most often cleaned/steamed, bought from professional operators, and the risk that these nematodes are transported with plants for planting is considered limited.

Considering production practices and uncertainty on distribution, the Fruit SEWG concluded that plants for planting should not be considered a significant pathway.

Not candidate

Xiphinema diversicaudatum has an extensive host range. It is most frequently associated with plant species growing in temperate arable, permanent pasture and deciduous woodland soils and much less frequently with coniferous, scrubland and moorland plants (Thomas, 1970; Pitcher et al., 1974; Taylor and Brown, 1997 – cited from CABI, 2021). Rubus is reported as a host (CABI, 2021).
The nematode is actively moving < 1m per year. Consequently, the main pathway for dispersal is via soil, growth medium, soil attached to roots, etc. (CABI, 2021). Dissemination of the virus can occur if nematode vectors are dispersed with soil movements caused by rain or erosion. Nematodes may be carried in the soil adhering to farm equipment and machinery or, occasionally, to the feet of birds and other animals. Some nematodes can also be dispersed by wind-blown soil dust; however, this is unlikely for longidorids which generally do not withstand desiccation (EFSA PLH Panel, 2013).
Long-distance dispersal of longidorids occurs when plants intended for planting (e.g. nursery stock) with soil adhering to the roots are harvested from infested fields and transported to new areas (EFSA PLH Panel, 2013). When moved with naked roots, plants for planting is not a pathway.
Xiphinema diversicaudatum is not known to be dispersed by true seeds (CABI, 2021).

This nematode is relatively widespread. However, it is not known whether it is already present in most fields:
In all Austrian winegrowing regions soil samples were taken from viticultural as well as agricultural areas and tested for nematodes of the family Longidoridae. To obtain a complete overview of the distribution of Longidoridae, samples were also taken from the riparian forests along the rivers Danube and March. The virus vector X. diversicaudatum was considered rare according to current knowledge, although X. diversicaudatum was fairly abundant in common pastures and under fruit trees in Styria, and in the alluvial forests of the Danube and the March (Tiefenbrunner et al., 2011).
In Spain, X. diversicaudatum is fairly widespread in the north (central region is the southern limit of its distribution), frequent in fruit trees (Arias & Andrés, 1989). It is reported from Andalucia, Aragon, Castilla y Leon, Castilla-La Mancha, Extremadura, Madrid, Navarra, La Rioja & Communidad Valanciana (SEF, 2023).

The Fruit SEWG considered that this free living nematode was very vulnerable. Even when plants for planting are cultivated in the field, new substrate is generally used for repotting. The substrate used is most often cleaned/steamed, bought from professional operators, and the risk that these nematodes are transported with plants for planting is considered limited.

Considering production practices and uncertainty on distribution, the Fruit SEWG concluded that plants for planting should not be considered a significant pathway.