| Legend |
|---|
| Justification for qualification based on EPPO PM 4 Standards |
| Justification for disqualification |
| Additional or non-conclusive information |
| Standard text |
NAME OF THE ORGANISM: Comstockaspis perniciosa {Quadraspidiotus perniciosus} (QUADPE)
GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE PEST
Name as submitted in the project specification (if different):
Pest category:
Insecta
1- Identity of the pest/Level of taxonomic listing:
Is the organism clearly a single taxonomic entity and can it be adequately distinguished from other entities of the same rank?
Yes
Is the pest defined at the species level or lower?:
Yes
Can listing of the pest at a taxonomic level higher than species be supported by scientific reasons or can species be identified within the taxonomic rank which are the (main) pests of concern?
- Not relevant: Fruits (including hops) sector
If necessary, please list the species:
-
Is it justified that the pest is listed at a taxonomic rank below species level?
Not relevant
Conclusion:
- Candidate: Fruits (including hops) sector
Justification (if necessary):
2 – Status in the EU:
Is this pest already a quarantine pest for the whole EU?
No
Presence in the EU:
Yes
List of countries (EPPO Global Database):
Austria (1993); Bulgaria (2011); Croatia (2016); Czech Republic (2011); France (2011); Germany (2011); Greece (2008); Hungary (2013); Italy (2011); Italy/Sardegna (2011); Portugal (2011); Portugal/Azores (2011); Portugal/Madeira (2011); Romania (2011); Slovakia (2011); Slovenia (2013); Spain (2016); Spain/Islas Canárias (2011)
Conclusion:
Justification (if necessary):
Data of the presence of this pest on the EU territory are available in EPPO Global Database (https://gd.eppo.int/).
HOST PLANT N°1: Juglans regia (IUGRE) for the Fruits (including hops) sector.
Origin of the listing:
Commission Implementing Directive (EU) 2014/98/EU and Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072
Plants for planting:
Plants intended for planting
3 - Is the pest already listed in a PM4 standard on the concerned host plant?
No
Conclusion:
Evaluation continues
Justification (if necessary):
In the responses to the questionnaire CZ and FR did not support regulation because economic impact was considered acceptable. FR also commented that the 'pest was totally endemic in orchards', and 'no feasible and effective measures were available'. A full assessment is performed.
4 - Are the listed plants for planting the main* pathway for the "pest/host/intended use" combination? (*: significant compared to others):
No
Conclusion:
Not candidate
Justification:
Comstockaspis perniciosa, San Jose scale, is a polyphagous species (see García Morales et al., 2016). The host plant range could probably be much wider, but on some of the recorded host plants this insect cannot finish development, which means that these plant species are not true host plants. The importance of the host plant is different in different parts of the world, so for each region only the local literature sources can give a true picture. In general, this species is a serious pest on deciduous fruit trees including apple, pear, peach, plum, currants and some woody ornamental plants (Konstantinova, 1976; Davidson & Miller, 1990; Kozar, 1990; Kosztarab, 1996; cited in CABI, 2021). Different varieties of fruit species show different susceptibility in different parts of the world (Bichina & Gatina, 1976; Shalamberidze, 1978; Verma & Sriravasta, 1990; cited in in CABI, 2021). The scale insect is a pest in walnut (UC PMG, 2020).
Comstockaspis perniciosa has 1-5 generations in different parts of the world. Its development differs in these regions and detailed information can be found only in local publications. It overwinters in colder countries as first-instar larvae (crawler). In central Europe, the adults appear at the end of April, and in northern Europe 1 or 2 months later. The crawlers continue to appear for 1-2 months: the females have about 100 crawlers (Kosztarab & Kozar, 1988). The first-instar larva is the dispersal phase. It can be distributed by wind, birds or flying insects (Mague & Reissig, 1983; CAB 2021).
The most important means of transport into a new area, however, is infested nursery material. By this means the pest was accidentally introduced throughout the world (CABI, 2021)
[In responses to the questionnaire, FR commented that 'the pest was totally endemic in production orchards'.]
The Fruit SEWG considered that the pest was already widespread in orchards in the EU and that consequently plants for planting should not be considered as a significant pathway compared to natural dispersal of the first instar larva.
Comstockaspis perniciosa has 1-5 generations in different parts of the world. Its development differs in these regions and detailed information can be found only in local publications. It overwinters in colder countries as first-instar larvae (crawler). In central Europe, the adults appear at the end of April, and in northern Europe 1 or 2 months later. The crawlers continue to appear for 1-2 months: the females have about 100 crawlers (Kosztarab & Kozar, 1988). The first-instar larva is the dispersal phase. It can be distributed by wind, birds or flying insects (Mague & Reissig, 1983; CAB 2021).
The most important means of transport into a new area, however, is infested nursery material. By this means the pest was accidentally introduced throughout the world (CABI, 2021)
[In responses to the questionnaire, FR commented that 'the pest was totally endemic in production orchards'.]
The Fruit SEWG considered that the pest was already widespread in orchards in the EU and that consequently plants for planting should not be considered as a significant pathway compared to natural dispersal of the first instar larva.
5 - Economic impact:
Are there documented reports of any economic impact on the host?
Yes
Justification:
Infested walnut trees look water stressed, and fruiting wood encrusted with scale insects may die back. The infested bark often cracks and dies, and heavily-infested scaffold limbs and branches die within 1 to 2 years (UC PMG, 2020).
What is the likely economic impact of the pest irrespective of its infestation source in the absence of phytosanitary measures? (= official measures)
Minor
Is the economic impact due to the presence of the pest on the named host plant for planting, acceptable to the propagation and end user sectors concerned?
Yes
Is there unacceptable economic impact caused to other hosts (or the same host with a different intended use) produced at the same place of production due to the transfer of the pest from the named host plant for planting?
No
Conclusion:
Justification:
The Fruit SEWG considered that the pest is managed by non-targeted controls (e.g. use of mineral oils) as used in classical approaches of orchards integrated pest management (see Golan et al., 2023). Plants in a nursery are regularly checked and a substantially free from requirement for all quality pests is considered enough.
6 - Are there feasible and effective measures available to prevent the presence of the pest on the plants for planting at an incidence above a certain threshold (including zero) to avoid an unacceptable economic impact as regards the relevant host plants?
Yes
Conclusion:
Justification:
Monitoring program.
Use of insecticides.
Biocontrol.
Use of insecticides.
Biocontrol.
7- Is the quality of the data sufficient to recommend the pest to be listed as a RNQP?
Conclusion:
Justification:
CONCLUSION ON THE STATUS:
Disqualified: plants for planting is not considered as a significant pathway compared to natural dispersal.
8 - Tolerance level:
Is there a need to change the Tolerance level:
Yes
Proposed Tolerance levels:
Delisting
9 - Risk management measures:
Is there a need to change the Risk management measure:
Yes
Proposed Risk management measure:
Delisting
REFERENCES:
- Baker G (1977) Distribution of San Jose scale, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comst.), in the Adelaide Hills. Agricultural Record 4(7), 54-56..
- Bichina TI & Gatina Esh (1976) Varietal susceptibility of apple trees to San Jose scale and its integrated control. Ustoichivost' Vinograda i Plodov. Kul'tur k Zabolevaniyam i Vreditelyam, 124-137. Stiinca, Kishinev: Moldavian SSR.
- CABI (2021) Diaspidiotus perniciosus (San José scale). CABI Digital Library (Accessed 31/Jul/2024). https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/10.1079/cabicompendium.46224.
- Davidson JA & Miller DR (1990) Ornamental plants. In Armoured Scale Insects, their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control, Vol. 4B (ed. Rosen D). Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier, 603-632.
- García Morales M, Denno BD, Miller DR, Miller GL, Ben-Dov Y, Hardy NB. 2016. ScaleNet: A literature-based model of scale insect biology and systematics. Database. The Journal of Biological Databases and Curation, 2016: bav118. https://doi.org/10.1093/database/bav118. https://scalenet.info/catalogue/.
- Golan K, Kot I, Kmiec K & Gorska-Drabik (2023) Review. Approaches to Integrated Pest Management in Orchards: Comstockaspis perniciosa (Comstock) Case Study. Agriculture 13, 131.
- Konstantinova GM (1976). Coccids - pests of apple. Zashchita Rastenii 12:49-50.
- Kosztarab M & Kozár F (1988) Scale insects of Central Europe. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 455 pp.
- Kozár F (1990). Deciduous fruit trees. In Armored Scale Insects their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control. Vol. 4B (ed. Rosen D). Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., 593-602.
- Kozár F & Drozdjak J (1988). Peculiarities in the distribution of scale-insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea) on deciduous fruit trees in Hungary. Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica 23(1-2), 187-210.
- Kozár F & Konstantinova GM (1981). The scale insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea) of deciduous fruit orchards in some European countries. (Survey of scale insect (Homoptera: Coccoidea) infestations in European orchards No. III.). Acta Phytopathologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 16(1/2), 211-222.
- Kozár F, Brown MW & Lightner G (1994). Spatial distribution of homopteran pests and beneficial insects in an orchard and its connection with ecological plant protection. Journal of Applied Entomology 117(5), 519-529.
- Mague DL & Reissig WH (1983) Airborne dispersal of San Jose scale, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock) (Homoptera: Diaspididae), crawlers infesting apple. Environmental Entomology 12, 692-696.
- Verma RR & Srivastava PM (1990) Response of different varieties of apple (Malus pumila) to pest infestation. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 60(5), 338-339.
- UC PMG (2020) San Jose scale. In Pest management guidelines for agriculture – Walnut. University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources, publication 3471, 38-39. https://ipm.ucanr.edu/legacy_assets/PDF/PMG/pmgwalnut.pdf
HOST PLANT N°2: Malus domestica (MABSD) for the Fruits (including hops) sector.
Origin of the listing:
New proposal
Plants for planting:
Plants intended for planting
3 - Is the pest already listed in a PM4 standard on the concerned host plant?
Yes
Conclusion:
Evaluation continues
Justification (if necessary):
Inspection for ' Quadraspidiotus perniciosus' recommended in EPPO Standard PM 4-27 Pathogen-tested material of Malus, Pyrus and Cydonia. However, in the responses to the questionnaire NL did not support regulation. FR commented for other hosts that the 'pest was totally endemic in orchards'. A full assessment is performed.
4 - Are the listed plants for planting the main* pathway for the "pest/host/intended use" combination? (*: significant compared to others):
No
Conclusion:
Not candidate
Justification:
Comstockaspis perniciosa, San Jose scale, is a polyphagous species (see García Morales et al., 2016). The host plant range could probably be much wider, but on some of the recorded host plants this insect cannot finish development, which means that these plant species are not true host plants. The importance of the host plant is different in different parts of the world, so for each region only the local literature sources can give a true picture. In general, this species is a serious pest on deciduous fruit trees including apple, pear, peach, plum, currants and some woody ornamental plants (Konstantinova, 1976; Davidson & Miller, 1990; Kozar, 1990; Kosztarab, 1996; cited in CABI, 2021). Different varieties of fruit species show different susceptibility in different parts of the world (Bichina & Gatina, 1976; Shalamberidze, 1978; Verma & Sriravasta, 1990; cited in CABI, 2021). The scale insect can be a serious pest in apple (Sazo et al., 2008; Rodrigues et al., 2001; Golan, 2020).
Comstockaspis perniciosa has 1-5 generations in different parts of the world. Its development differs in these regions and detailed information can be found only in local publications. It overwinters in colder countries as first-instar larvae (crawler). In central Europe, the adults appear at the end of April, and in northern Europe 1 or 2 months later. The crawlers continue to appear for 1-2 months: the females have about 100 crawlers (Kosztarab & Kozar, 1988). The first-instar larva is the dispersal phase. It can be distributed by wind, birds or flying insects (Mague & Reissig, 1983; CABI 2021).
The most important means of transport into a new area, however, is infested nursery material. By this means the pest was accidentally introduced throughout the world (CABI, 2021)
[In responses to the questionnaire, FR commented that 'the pest was totally endemic in production orchards'.]
The Fruit SEWG considered that the pest was already widespread in orchards in the EU and that consequently plants for planting should not be considered as a significant pathway compared to natural dispersal of the first instar larva.
Comstockaspis perniciosa has 1-5 generations in different parts of the world. Its development differs in these regions and detailed information can be found only in local publications. It overwinters in colder countries as first-instar larvae (crawler). In central Europe, the adults appear at the end of April, and in northern Europe 1 or 2 months later. The crawlers continue to appear for 1-2 months: the females have about 100 crawlers (Kosztarab & Kozar, 1988). The first-instar larva is the dispersal phase. It can be distributed by wind, birds or flying insects (Mague & Reissig, 1983; CABI 2021).
The most important means of transport into a new area, however, is infested nursery material. By this means the pest was accidentally introduced throughout the world (CABI, 2021)
[In responses to the questionnaire, FR commented that 'the pest was totally endemic in production orchards'.]
The Fruit SEWG considered that the pest was already widespread in orchards in the EU and that consequently plants for planting should not be considered as a significant pathway compared to natural dispersal of the first instar larva.
5 - Economic impact:
Are there documented reports of any economic impact on the host?
Yes
Justification:
If heavy scale infestations are left unchecked, apple trees may be seriously damaged, resulting in reduced vigour, thin foliage, cracked or dying branches, and the eventual death of the tree. Young trees may be killed before fruiting. Infested fruit develop a reddish purple ring surrounding each spot where a scale settles (UC PRM, 2017).
In 2015 an outbreak of the San José scale was recorded mostly on fruits, notably on Malus in Poland. In 2016, major economic losses caused by the San José scale infestation were recorded in the orchards of the southeast of Poland. The study conducted in Poland during 2016–2018 near Opole Lubelskie reported that the San José scale has established very well outdoors (Golan, 2020).
Instar nymphs and females were observed on all surface parts of host plants from ground level to the tips of the shoots, leaves, and fruits. Infested fruit develops a reddish-purple ring surrounding each spot where a scale settles. Heavily infested fruit becomes distorted, pitted, cracked, and fall prematurely. Infested fruits become unmarketable causing greater economic losses. Severe infestation of fruit trees reduces the growth and decreases the yield (Łagowska 1995; Davidson & Miller 1990).
The layer of cambium of young, heavily infested twigs usually stains deep red-purplish in color. The sap accumulates in the reddened tissues of tree bark, resulting in swelling of the surface. The bark tissue often breaks, and rubbery spills appear near the cracks. The tree loses its vigour and dies prematurely. Uncontrolled infestation can kill young trees within 3 years of infestation (Westigard et al. 1977; Rosen 1990)
In 2015 an outbreak of the San José scale was recorded mostly on fruits, notably on Malus in Poland. In 2016, major economic losses caused by the San José scale infestation were recorded in the orchards of the southeast of Poland. The study conducted in Poland during 2016–2018 near Opole Lubelskie reported that the San José scale has established very well outdoors (Golan, 2020).
Instar nymphs and females were observed on all surface parts of host plants from ground level to the tips of the shoots, leaves, and fruits. Infested fruit develops a reddish-purple ring surrounding each spot where a scale settles. Heavily infested fruit becomes distorted, pitted, cracked, and fall prematurely. Infested fruits become unmarketable causing greater economic losses. Severe infestation of fruit trees reduces the growth and decreases the yield (Łagowska 1995; Davidson & Miller 1990).
The layer of cambium of young, heavily infested twigs usually stains deep red-purplish in color. The sap accumulates in the reddened tissues of tree bark, resulting in swelling of the surface. The bark tissue often breaks, and rubbery spills appear near the cracks. The tree loses its vigour and dies prematurely. Uncontrolled infestation can kill young trees within 3 years of infestation (Westigard et al. 1977; Rosen 1990)
What is the likely economic impact of the pest irrespective of its infestation source in the absence of phytosanitary measures? (= official measures)
Minor
Is the economic impact due to the presence of the pest on the named host plant for planting, acceptable to the propagation and end user sectors concerned?
Yes
Is there unacceptable economic impact caused to other hosts (or the same host with a different intended use) produced at the same place of production due to the transfer of the pest from the named host plant for planting?
No
Conclusion:
Justification:
The Fruit SEWG considered that the pest is managed by non-targeted controls (e.g. use of mineral oils) as used in classical approaches of orchards integrated pest management (see Golan et al., 2023). Plants in a nursery are regularly checked and a substantially free from requirement for all quality pests is considered enough.
6 - Are there feasible and effective measures available to prevent the presence of the pest on the plants for planting at an incidence above a certain threshold (including zero) to avoid an unacceptable economic impact as regards the relevant host plants?
Yes
Conclusion:
Justification:
Monitoring program.
Use of insecticides.
Biocontrol.
Use of insecticides.
Biocontrol.
7- Is the quality of the data sufficient to recommend the pest to be listed as a RNQP?
Conclusion:
Justification:
CONCLUSION ON THE STATUS:
Disqualified: plants for planting is not considered as a significant pathway compared to natural dispersal.
8 - Tolerance level:
Is there a need to change the Tolerance level:
No (new regulation proposal)
Proposed Tolerance levels:
No listing.
9 - Risk management measures:
Is there a need to change the Risk management measure:
No
Proposed Risk management measure:
No listing.
REFERENCES:
- Bichina TI & Gatina Esh (1976) Varietal susceptibility of apple trees to San Jose scale and its integrated control. Ustoichivost' Vinograda i Plodov. Kul'tur k Zabolevaniyam i Vreditelyam, 124-137. Stiinca, Kishinev: Moldavian SSR.
- CABI (2021) Diaspidiotus perniciosus (San José scale). CABI Digital Library (Accessed 31/Jul/2024). https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/10.1079/cabicompendium.46224.
- Davidson JA & Miller DR (1990) Ornamental plants. In Armoured Scale Insects, their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control, Vol. 4B (ed. Rosen D). Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier, 603-632.
- García Morales M, Denno BD, Miller DR, Miller GL, Ben-Dov Y, Hardy NB. 2016. ScaleNet: A literature-based model of scale insect biology and systematics. Database. The Journal of Biological Databases and Curation, 2016: bav118. https://doi.org/10.1093/database/bav118. https://scalenet.info/catalogue/.
- Golan K (2020) Contributions to the knowledge of the San José scale (Hemiptera, Coccomorpha, Diaspididae) in Poland. Polish Journal of Entomology 89(1), 7-19. DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0014.0288
- Ker KW & Sears MK (1986) Effectiveness of superior oil applied to apple for control of the San Jose scale, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus, and the European fruit scale, Quadraspidiotus ostrepformis (Homoptera: Diaspididae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Ontario 117, 45-48.
- Konstantinova GM (1976). Coccids - pests of apple. Zashchita Rastenii 12:49-50.
- Kosztarab M & Kozár F (1988) Scale insects of Central Europe. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 455 pp.
- Kozár F (1990). Deciduous fruit trees. In Armored Scale Insects their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control. Vol. 4B (ed. Rosen D). Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., 593-602.
- Łagowska B (1995) San José scale - serious quarantine pest. Ochrona Roślin 39(2), 8.
- Mague DL & Reissig WH (1983) Airborne dispersal of San Jose scale, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock) (Homoptera: Diaspididae), crawlers infesting apple. Environmental Entomology 12, 692-696.
- Rodrigues AN, Torres LM & Polesny F (2001) Phenology of San José scale, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock) on apple in Guarda region (central eastern Portugal). IOBC WPRS Bulletin 24(5), 195-200.
- Rosen D (1990) Armored scale insects, their biology, natural enemies and control. Vol. A, Elselvier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam, 384 pp.
- Sazo L, Araya & JE, Esparza S (2008) Control of San Jose scale nymphs, Diaspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock), on almond and apple orchards with pyriproxyfen, phenoxycarb, chlorpyrifos, and mineral oil. Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research 68(4), 412-412.
- Shalamberidze NSh (1978). The resistance of plum cultivars to San Jose scale. Sadovodstvo, Vinogradarstvo i Vinodelie Moldavii, 4:41.
- Verma RR & Srivastava PM (1990) Response of different varieties of apple (Malus pumila) to pest infestation. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 60(5), 338-339.
- Westigard PH, Calvin LD. 1977. Sampling San José in a Pest Management Program on Pear in Southern Oregon. Journal of Economic Entomology 70: 138–140.
- UC PMG (2017) San Jose scale. In Pest management guidelines for agriculture – Apple. University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources, publication 3432, pages 54-56