NAME OF THE ORGANISM: Pratylenchus penetrans (PRATPE)

Evaluation continues

Candidate

Pratylenchus penetrans is cosmopolitan and has more than 350 hosts including woody plants (e.g., fruit trees, roses) and herbaceous plants (e.g., potato, vegetables) (Moens & Perry, 2009, CABI, 2021), e.g., Malus is a good host for Pratylenchus penetrans (aaltjesschema, 2019). Also Pyrus spp., Cydonia oblonga, Pistacia vera and many Prunus spp. can be hosts of P. penetrans (Hoekstra & Oostenbrink, 1962; Askary et al., 2012; Merrifield, 2000). Ficus carica is not mentioned as hosts and information of Pratylenchus penetrans on Pistacia vera is scarce (PlantwisePlus Knowledge Bank, 2023; Fatemy, 2009), this could be linked to P. penetrans being a nematode from mostly temperate climates and fig and pistachio being more Mediterranean crops. P. penetrans can complete its entire life cycle within the roots of plants.
Pratylenchus spp. are migratory endoparasites that enter the host root for feeding and reproduction and move freely within the tissue. Consequently, they spend much of their life cycle in roots and are found in soil when the host plants are senescing, stressed or diseased, or when their hosts have been ploughed up after harvest (Castillo and Vovlas, 2007).
P. penetrans occurs mostly on sandy and peaty soil. The transport of infected plants or those growing in infested soils is one of the principal means by which these nematodes are disseminated (Lehman, 1994; Anonymous, 1999). Bare-rooted plants are often contaminated by soil particles which may contain nematodes. Roots can host endoparasitic nematodes that are not removed by washing treatments (Lehman, 1994). In this context, it is essential that the plant propagation material be free of this pathogen (Allen, 1949). Because it can survive in soil, it can be dispersed by land vehicles etc.; within a field by cultivation, and can be introduced to non-infested sites by poorly sanitized farm equipment. However, measures (including hygiene) can limit the importance of such alternative pathways.
In responses to the questionnaire, DE, FR and NL supported deregulation in the EU because soilborne and widespread in production areas.
Considering the numerous bibliographic references that highlight the importance of plants for planting as an important pathway, and the existence of measures that can reduce the role of the others reported pathways, host plants for planting with roots, with or without soil or growing media, are considered as a main pathway.

Yes

In pome fruits, 25 to 150 individuals/100 cm3 soil of Pratylenchus spp. are considered damaging but can vary depending on soil texture (Anonymous, 1998). Apple rootstocks seem to be a better host for Pratylenchus penetrans than pear and quince rootstocks, which showed a moderate resistance (Söğüt et al., 2013). Cydonia oblonga mentioned as one of the main hosts (Plantwise).
In the NEMAPLEX (2024) database, Cydonia oblonga is reported as susceptible (= high level of nematode reproduction) to Pratylenchus penetrans (Goodey et al., 1965).
Pratylenchus species rank third to root-knot and cyst nematodes as having the greatest impact on crops worldwide (Jones et al., 2013). Apart from direct damage to roots, Pratylenchus species may also predispose plants to other pathogens (e.g., Verticillium and Fusarium), thereby increasing the damage extent. The elimination of the nematode or reduction of its population causes a marked reduction in the incidence of fungi and an increase in crop yield (Bucki et al., 2020).

In the responses to the questionnaire, FR supported deregulation in the EU, commenting that the pest had a 'low nuisance level on fruit plants'.

Medium to Major

No

Candidate

Cydonia oblonga is cited as a main host, having the potential to maintain high populations of this parasite with the capacity to cause direct (during its feeding on roots) and indirect (by increasing susceptibility to attack by other soil pathogens) economic damage. In addition, experience from Spain shows that the effects of this nematode on quince are significant.
The damage caused by Pratylenchus is usually most severe in light-textured soils that are low in nutrients (e.g. nitrogen, potassium, or calcium) and in organic matter (Anonymous, 1999).
Remark: Unacceptable economic impact may also be caused to other hosts (e.g. Malus, Pyrus, Prunus).

Candidate

Crop rotation is difficult because of the wide host range of Pratylenchus penetrans, including weeds. Pratylenchus penetrans can propagate well on many crops, sometimes without causing damage (symptomless) (aaltjesschema). Recent research indicated that with proper choice of selected cultivars of cover crops, P. penetrans can be controlled but further breeding efforts are needed. Although some cover crops can reduce the population of Pratylenchus penetrans (Taning et al., 2023). Since many weeds can also be a host, adequate weed control is important (Aaltjesschema, 2019). Crop rotation is also a limited option since woody crops remain in soil for decades and the host-range of many of this of the plant parasitic nematodes is wide (Castillo y Vovlas, 2007).

Growing Tagetes spp. (e.g. Tagetes patula) can reduce the population considerably (Evenhuis et al., 2004). The authors predicted that strawberries could be grown for about 7 successive years without economic damage due to the root lesion nematode. Pudasaini et al. (2006) showed that Tagetes can reduce P. penetrans exponentially in time under marigold. The effect of marigold was persistent as no increase in P. penetrans densities over the whole soil profile was noticed after two crop cycles of host plants.

Use of clean soil: The propagation material is kept either in containers of sterilized growing medium or in soil that has been tested and found free from various nematodes (e.g. EPPO 2022).

Soil fumigation: dependent on legislation. Preplant soil fumigation does not eradicate nematodes but dramatically reduces nematode numbers. The nematodes return to their original population density (or greater) within 2 or 3 years after planting, but the absence of nematode pressure during the initial years of establishment is critical for trees to develop strong, healthy root systems (Abawi & Mai, 2014). With the progressive phase-out of chemical nematicides such as Aldicarb, Carbofuran, and 1,3-Dichloropropene, the effectiveness and sustainability of current plant-parasitic nematode management strategies remain limited (Barbosa et al., 2022).

Healthy plants: To prevent the introduction of nematode problems, new orchards should be established with trees obtained from reputable nurseries that treat their soils for nematodes (Abawi & Mai, 2014).

Candidate

Evaluation continues

Candidate

Crop rotation is difficult because of the wide host range of Pratylenchus penetrans, including weeds. Pratylenchus penetrans can propagate well on many crops, sometimes without causing damage (symptomless) (aaltjesschema). Recent research indicated that with proper choice of selected cultivars of cover crops, P. penetrans can be controlled but further breeding efforts are needed. Although some cover crops can reduce the population of Pratylenchus penetrans (Taning et al., 2023). Since many weeds can also be a host, adequate weed control is important (Aaltjesschema, 2019). Crop rotation is also a limited option since woody crops remain in soil for decades and the host-range of many of this of the plant parasitic nematodes is wide (Castillo y Vovlas, 2007).

Growing Tagetes spp. (e.g. Tagetes patula) can reduce the population considerably (Evenhuis et al., 2004). The authors predicted that strawberries could be grown for about 7 successive years without economic damage due to the root lesion nematode. Pudasaini et al. (2006) showed that Tagetes can reduce P. penetrans exponentially in time under marigold. The effect of marigold was persistent as no increase in P. penetrans densities over the whole soil profile was noticed after two crop cycles of host plants.

Use of clean soil: The propagation material is kept either in containers of sterilized growing medium or in soil that has been tested and found free from various nematodes (e.g. EPPO 2022).

Soil fumigation: dependent on legislation. Preplant soil fumigation does not eradicate nematodes but dramatically reduces nematode numbers. The nematodes return to their original population density (or greater) within 2 or 3 years after planting, but the absence of nematode pressure during the initial years of establishment is critical for trees to develop strong, healthy root systems (Abawi & Mai, 2014). With the progressive phase-out of chemical nematicides such as Aldicarb, Carbofuran, and 1,3-Dichloropropene, the effectiveness and sustainability of current plant-parasitic nematode management strategies remain limited (Barbosa et al., 2022).

Healthy plants: To prevent the introduction of nematode problems, new orchards should be established with trees obtained from reputable nurseries that treat their soils for nematodes (Abawi & Mai, 2014).

Evaluation continues

Candidate

Pratylenchus penetrans is cosmopolitan and has more than 350 hosts including woody plants (e.g., fruit trees, roses) and herbaceous plants (e.g., potato, vegetables) (Moens & Perry, 2009, CABI, 2021), e.g., Malus is a good host for Pratylenchus penetrans (aaltjesschema, 2019). Also Pyrus spp., Cydonia oblonga, Pistacia vera and many Prunus spp. can be hosts of P. penetrans (Hoekstra & Oostenbrink, 1962; Askary et al., 2012; Merrifield, 2000). Ficus carica is not mentioned as hosts and information of Pratylenchus penetrans on Pistacia vera is scarce (PlantwisePlus Knowledge Bank, 2023; Fatemy, 2009), this could be linked to P. penetrans being a nematode from mostly temperate climates and fig and pistachio being more Mediterranean crops. P. penetrans can complete its entire life cycle within the roots of plants.
Pratylenchus spp. are migratory endoparasites that enter the host root for feeding and reproduction and move freely within the tissue. Consequently, they spend much of their life cycle in roots and are found in soil when the host plants are senescing, stressed or diseased, or when their hosts have been ploughed up after harvest (Castillo and Vovlas, 2007).
P. penetrans occurs mostly on sandy and peaty soil. The transport of infected plants or those growing in infested soils is one of the principal means by which these nematodes are disseminated (Lehman, 1994; Anonymous, 1999). Bare-rooted plants are often contaminated by soil particles which may contain nematodes. Roots can host endoparasitic nematodes that are not removed by washing treatments (Lehman, 1994). In this context, it is essential that the plant propagation material be free of this pathogen (Allen, 1949). Because it can survive in soil, it can be dispersed by land vehicles etc.; within a field by cultivation, and can be introduced to non-infested sites by poorly sanitized farm equipment. However, measures (including hygiene) can limit the importance of such alternative pathways.
Considering the numerous bibliographic references that highlight the importance of plants for planting as an important pathway, and the existence of measures that can reduce the role of the others reported pathways, host plants for planting with roots, with or without soil or growing media, are a considered as a main pathway.

Yes

Pratylenchus penetrans has been reported as a pathogen for Fragaria in several countries (e.g. United States, Canada, Costa Rica, Israel, Spain) (Anonymous, 1999; Montes et al., 2006; Qing, 2008; Jackson-Ziems, 2016; MAPA, 2019; Talavera et al., 2019; Sandoval-Ruíz et al., 2023).

In Spain, this species is among the main plant pathogenic nematodes in strawberry crops (López-Aranda, 2008; MAPA, 2019; Talavera et al., 2019; Talavera, 2021; De los Santos et al., 2022). Talavera et al. (2019) found it in 20% of the commercial strawberry plantations of Huelva with an abundance range between 3 and 94 nematodes per 100 g of soil.

The pathogenicity of P. penetrans on strawberry plants has been demonstrated under both controlled and field conditions (see references in Bélair et al., 2018). Affected plants show a marked reduction of the root system and several associated non-specific aerial symptoms (dwarfism, chlorosis, wilting, lack of vigour, smaller fruits), sometimes leading to plant death (Montes et al., 2006; MAPA, 2019).

The wounds inflicted in the root system also favors the entry of other pathogens, especially fungi (e.g. Macrophomina phaseolina, Fusarium spp., Verticillim dahliae), causing complex diseases in strawberries (McKinley y Talboys, 1979, MAPA, 2019; Talavera et al., 2021). In fact, P. penetrans is one of the main components of the black root rot (BRR) complex (together with members of the genera Fusarium, Rhizoctonia, Pythium, Cylindrocarpon and Pestalotia) (Montes et al., 2006; López-Aranda, 2008; MAPA, 2019), an important strawberry pathology that, according to some experts, would have an even greater economic impact than crown rot caused by Phytophthora cactorum (López-Aranda, 2008).

Major

No

Candidate

Its economic impact on Fragaria, both direct and indirect (in association with other pathogens), is well documented.

Candidate

Crop rotation is difficult because of the wide host range of Pratylenchus penetrans, including weeds. Pratylenchus penetrans can propagate well on many crops, sometimes without causing damage (symptomless) (aaltjesschema). Recent research indicated that with proper choice of selected cultivars of cover crops, P. penetrans can be controlled but further breeding efforts are needed. Although some cover crops can reduce the population of Pratylenchus penetrans (Taning et al., 2023). Since many weeds can also be a host, adequate weed control is important (Aaltjesschema, 2019).

Growing Tagetes spp. (e.g. Tagetes patula) can reduce the population considerably (Evenhuis et al., 2004). The authors predicted that strawberries could be grown for about 7 successive years without economic damage due to the root lesion nematode. Pudasaini et al. (2006) showed that Tagetes can reduce P. penetrans exponentially in time under marigold. The effect of marigold was persistent as no increase in P. penetrans densities over the whole soil profile was noticed after two crop cycles of host plants.

Use of clean soil: The propagation material is kept either in containers of sterilized growing medium or in soil that has been tested and found free from various nematodes (e.g. EPPO 2022).

Soil fumigation: dependent on legislation. Preplant soil fumigation does not eradicate nematodes but dramatically reduces nematode numbers. The nematodes return to their original population density (or greater) within 2 or 3 years after planting, but the absence of nematode pressure during the initial years of establishment is critical for trees to develop strong, healthy root systems (Abawi & Mai, 2014). With the progressive phase-out of chemical nematicides such as Aldicarb, Carbofuran, and 1,3-Dichloropropene, the effectiveness and sustainability of current plant-parasitic nematode management strategies remain limited (Barbosa et al., 2022).

Healthy plants: To prevent the introduction of nematode problems, new orchards should be established with trees obtained from reputable nurseries that treat their soils for nematodes (Abawi & Mai, 2014).

Candidate

Evaluation continues

Candidate

Pratylenchus penetrans is cosmopolitan and has more than 350 hosts including woody plants (e.g., fruit trees, roses) and herbaceous plants (e.g., potato, vegetables) (Moens & Perry, 2009, CABI, 2021), e.g., Malus is a good host for Pratylenchus penetrans (aaltjesschema, 2019). Also Pyrus spp., Cydonia oblonga, Pistacia vera and many Prunus spp. can be hosts of P. penetrans (Hoekstra & Oostenbrink, 1962; Askary et al., 2012; Merrifield, 2000). Ficus carica is not mentioned as hosts and information of Pratylenchus penetrans on Pistacia vera is scarce (PlantwisePlus Knowledge Bank, 2023; Fatemy, 2009), this could be linked to P. penetrans being a nematode from mostly temperate climates and fig and pistachio being more Mediterranean crops. P. penetrans can complete its entire life cycle within the roots of plants.
Pratylenchus spp. are migratory endoparasites that enter the host root for feeding and reproduction and move freely within the tissue. Consequently, they spend much of their life cycle in roots and are found in soil when the host plants are senescing, stressed or diseased, or when their hosts have been ploughed up after harvest (Castillo and Vovlas, 2007).
P. penetrans occurs mostly on sandy and peaty soil. The transport of infected plants or those growing in infested soils is one of the principal means by which these nematodes are disseminated (Lehman, 1994; Anonymous, 1999). Bare-rooted plants are often contaminated by soil particles which may contain nematodes. Roots can host endoparasitic nematodes that are not removed by washing treatments (Lehman, 1994). In this context, it is essential that the plant propagation material be free of this pathogen (Allen, 1949). Because it can survive in soil, it can be dispersed by land vehicles etc.; within a field by cultivation, and can be introduced to non-infested sites by poorly sanitized farm equipment. However, measures (including hygiene) can limit the importance of such alternative pathways.
In responses to the questionnaire, DE, FR and NL supported deregulation in the EU because soilborne and widespread in production areas.
Considering the numerous bibliographic references that highlight the importance of plants for planting as an important pathway, and the existence of measures that can reduce the role of the others reported pathways, host plants for planting with roots, with or without soil or growing media, are considered as a main pathway.

Yes

In pome fruits, 25 to 150 individuals/100 cm3 soil of Pratylenchus spp. are considered damaging but can vary depending on soil texture (Anonymous, 1998). Apple rootstocks seem to be a better host for Pratylenchus penetrans than pear and quince rootstocks, which showed a moderate resistance (Söğüt et al., 2013). The pathogenicity of Pratylenchus penetrans on stone and pome fruit trees has been amply demonstrated by experimental evidence and field observations (e.g. Mai and Parker, 1967; Townshed, 1990).

Malus is sensitive to Pratylenchus penetrans infection, and low levels of P. penetrans (33/100 gram soil) can already lead to damage (Hoestra & Oostenbrink, 1962). P. penetrans can also propagate well on Malus (aaltjesschema (2019). This species has been responsible for severe decline and for replanting failure in many apple orchards (Anonymous, 1999).

Some studies have indicated that certain apple rootstocks are less susceptible to root lesion nematode damage than are others, but nematode resistance has not been a high priority in most rootstock breeding programs. Root lesion nematode damage is a greater problem on dwarfing rootstocks than on more vigorous seedling rootstocks.

Apples tend to be more sensitive to root lesion nematode damage than are pears, but other factors are also involved, since, pears are e.g. more often planted on heavier soils than are apples, which provides some protection since root lesion nematodes are more damaging in lighter soils (Abawi & Mai , 2014).

In the responses to the questionnaire, FR supported deregulation in the EU, commenting that the pest had a 'low nuisance level on fruit plants'.

Medium to Major

No

Candidate

The economic impact of this pathogen on Malus is widely demonstrated, as well as the potential impacts on other hosts (Prunus, Pyrus).
The damage caused by Pratylenchus is usually most severe in light-textured soils that are low in nutrients (e.g. nitrogen, potassium, or calcium) and in organic matter (Anonymous, 1999).

Candidate

Crop rotation is difficult because of the wide host range of Pratylenchus penetrans, including weeds. Pratylenchus penetrans can propagate well on many crops, sometimes without causing damage (symptomless) (aaltjesschema). Recent research indicated that with proper choice of selected cultivars of cover crops, P. penetrans can be controlled but further breeding efforts are needed. Although some cover crops can reduce the population of Pratylenchus penetrans (Taning et al., 2023). Since many weeds can also be a host, adequate weed control is important (Aaltjesschema, 2019). Crop rotation is also a limited option since woody crops remain in soil for decades and the host-range of many of this of the plant parasitic nematodes is wide (Castillo y Vovlas, 2007).

Growing Tagetes spp. (e.g. Tagetes patula) can reduce the population considerably (Evenhuis et al., 2004). The authors predicted that strawberries could be grown for about 7 successive years without economic damage due to the root lesion nematode. Pudasaini et al. (2006) showed that Tagetes can reduce P. penetrans exponentially in time under marigold. The effect of marigold was persistent as no increase in P. penetrans densities over the whole soil profile was noticed after two crop cycles of host plants.

Use of clean soil: The propagation material is kept either in containers of sterilized growing medium or in soil that has been tested and found free from various nematodes (e.g. EPPO 2022).

Soil fumigation: dependent on legislation. Preplant soil fumigation does not eradicate nematodes but dramatically reduces nematode numbers. The nematodes return to their original population density (or greater) within 2 or 3 years after planting, but the absence of nematode pressure during the initial years of establishment is critical for trees to develop strong, healthy root systems (Abawi & Mai, 2014). With the progressive phase-out of chemical nematicides such as Aldicarb, Carbofuran, and 1,3-Dichloropropene, the effectiveness and sustainability of current plant-parasitic nematode management strategies remain limited (Barbosa et al., 2022).

Healthy plants: To prevent the introduction of nematode problems, new orchards should be established with trees obtained from reputable nurseries that treat their soils for nematodes (Abawi & Mai, 2014).

Candidate

Evaluation continues

Candidate

Pratylenchus penetrans is cosmopolitan and has more than 350 hosts including woody plants (e.g., fruit trees, roses) and herbaceous plants (e.g., potato, vegetables) (Moens & Perry, 2009, CABI, 2021), e.g., Malus is a good host for Pratylenchus penetrans (aaltjesschema, 2019). Also Pyrus spp., Cydonia oblonga, Pistacia vera and many Prunus spp. can be hosts of P. penetrans (Hoekstra & Oostenbrink, 1962; Askary et al., 2012; Merrifield, 2000). Ficus carica is not mentioned as hosts and information of Pratylenchus penetrans on Pistacia vera is scarce (PlantwisePlus Knowledge Bank, 2023; Fatemy, 2009), this could be linked to P. penetrans being a nematode from mostly temperate climates and fig and pistachio being more Mediterranean crops. P. penetrans can complete its entire life cycle within the roots of plants.
Pratylenchus spp. are migratory endoparasites that enter the host root for feeding and reproduction and move freely within the tissue. Consequently, they spend much of their life cycle in roots and are found in soil when the host plants are senescing, stressed or diseased, or when their hosts have been ploughed up after harvest (Castillo and Vovlas, 2007).
P. penetrans occurs mostly on sandy and peaty soil. The transport of infected plants or those growing in infested soils is one of the principal means by which these nematodes are disseminated (Lehman, 1994; Anonymous, 1999). Bare-rooted plants are often contaminated by soil particles which may contain nematodes. Roots can host endoparasitic nematodes that are not removed by washing treatments (Lehman, 1994). In this context, it is essential that the plant propagation material be free of this pathogen (Allen, 1949). Because it can survive in soil, it can be dispersed by land vehicles etc.; within a field by cultivation, and can be introduced to non-infested sites by poorly sanitized farm equipment. However, measures (including hygiene) can limit the importance of such alternative pathways.
In responses to the questionnaire, DE, FR and NL supported deregulation in the EU because soilborne and widespread in production areas.
Considering the numerous bibliographic references that highlight the importance of plants for planting as an important pathway, and the existence of measures that can reduce the role of the others reported pathways, host plants for planting with roots, with or without soil or growing media, are considered as a main pathway.

Candidate

Crop rotation is difficult because of the wide host range of Pratylenchus penetrans, including weeds. Pratylenchus penetrans can propagate well on many crops, sometimes without causing damage (symptomless) (aaltjesschema). Recent research indicated that with proper choice of selected cultivars of cover crops, P. penetrans can be controlled but further breeding efforts are needed. Although some cover crops can reduce the population of Pratylenchus penetrans (Taning et al., 2023). Since many weeds can also be a host, adequate weed control is important (Aaltjesschema, 2019). Crop rotation is also a limited option since woody crops remain in soil for decades and the host-range of many of this of the plant parasitic nematodes is wide (Castillo y Vovlas, 2007).

Growing Tagetes spp. (e.g. Tagetes patula) can reduce the population considerably (Evenhuis et al., 2004). The authors predicted that strawberries could be grown for about 7 successive years without economic damage due to the root lesion nematode. Pudasaini et al. (2006) showed that Tagetes can reduce P. penetrans exponentially in time under marigold. The effect of marigold was persistent as no increase in P. penetrans densities over the whole soil profile was noticed after two crop cycles of host plants.

Use of clean soil: The propagation material is kept either in containers of sterilized growing medium or in soil that has been tested and found free from various nematodes (e.g. EPPO 2022).

Soil fumigation: dependent on legislation. Preplant soil fumigation does not eradicate nematodes but dramatically reduces nematode numbers. The nematodes return to their original population density (or greater) within 2 or 3 years after planting, but the absence of nematode pressure during the initial years of establishment is critical for trees to develop strong, healthy root systems (Abawi & Mai, 2014). With the progressive phase-out of chemical nematicides such as Aldicarb, Carbofuran, and 1,3-Dichloropropene, the effectiveness and sustainability of current plant-parasitic nematode management strategies remain limited (Barbosa et al., 2022).

Healthy plants: To prevent the introduction of nematode problems, new orchards should be established with trees obtained from reputable nurseries that treat their soils for nematodes (Abawi & Mai, 2014).

Evaluation continues

Remark: The assessment performed covers the given host species as well as interspecific hybrids with other Prunus species.

Candidate

Pratylenchus penetrans is cosmopolitan and has more than 350 hosts including woody plants (e.g., fruit trees, roses) and herbaceous plants (e.g., potato, vegetables) (Moens & Perry, 2009, CABI, 2021), e.g., Malus is a good host for Pratylenchus penetrans (aaltjesschema, 2019). Also Pyrus spp., Cydonia oblonga, Pistacia vera and many Prunus spp. can be hosts of P. penetrans (Hoekstra & Oostenbrink, 1962; Askary et al., 2012; Merrifield, 2000). Ficus carica is not mentioned as hosts and information of Pratylenchus penetrans on Pistacia vera is scarce (PlantwisePlus Knowledge Bank, 2023; Fatemy, 2009), this could be linked to P. penetrans being a nematode from mostly temperate climates and fig and pistachio being more Mediterranean crops. P. penetrans can complete its entire life cycle within the roots of plants.
Pratylenchus spp. are migratory endoparasites that enter the host root for feeding and reproduction and move freely within the tissue. Consequently, they spend much of their life cycle in roots and are found in soil when the host plants are senescing, stressed or diseased, or when their hosts have been ploughed up after harvest (Castillo and Vovlas, 2007).
P. penetrans occurs mostly on sandy and peaty soil. The transport of infected plants or those growing in infested soils is one of the principal means by which these nematodes are disseminated (Lehman, 1994; Anonymous, 1999). Bare-rooted plants are often contaminated by soil particles which may contain nematodes. Roots can host endoparasitic nematodes that are not removed by washing treatments (Lehman, 1994). In this context, it is essential that the plant propagation material be free of this pathogen (Allen, 1949). Because it can survive in soil, it can be dispersed by land vehicles etc.; within a field by cultivation, and can be introduced to non-infested sites by poorly sanitized farm equipment. However, measures (including hygiene) can limit the importance of such alternative pathways.
In responses to the questionnaire, DE, FR and NL supported deregulation in the EU because soilborne and widespread in production areas.
Considering the numerous bibliographic references that highlight the importance of plants for planting as an important pathway, and the existence of measures that can reduce the role of the others reported pathways, host plants for planting with roots, with or without soil or growing media, are a considered as a main pathway.

Yes

Pratylenchus penetrans is well recognized as economically important pest of stone-fruits (Mai and Parker, 1967; Townshend, 1990; Clavero-Camacho et al., 2024).
Much of the damage caused by root-lesion nematodes in stone fruits (Prunus spp.) results from their ability to induce extensive root necrosis. Nematode invasion of young roots induces reddish brown, elongated lesions. Root lesions darken with age, necrosis often spreads to affect the entire root, growth ceases, and the root dies. Severe infection may destroy the fine roots. Heavy infections often result in small root systems and stunted trees. Symptoms are more common on young trees than on old trees (Bird & Melakeberhan, 1995).
Depending on the level of P. penetrans present in the soil, damage might occur :
- Prunus dulcis: in the NEMAPLEX (2024) database, Prunus dulcis is reported as susceptible (= high level of nematode reproduction) to Pratylenchus penetrans (Siddiqui et al., 1973).
- Prunus armeniaca & Prunus domestica: mentioned as host. In the NEMAPLEX (2024) database, Prunus armeniaca is reported as susceptible (= high level of nematode reproduction) to Pratylenchus penetrans (Siddiqui et al., 1973).
- Prunus avium & Prunus cerasus: Initial population of 80/100 g soil necessary for growth reduction (Nyczepir and Halbrendt 1993). In NE U.S., reduced yield and shortened productive life of Montmorency cherry on Mazard and Mahaleb rootstocks; parasitized trees were less winter hardy (Nyczepir and Halbrendt 1993). In pots, seedlings grown for 12 weeks in steam-fumigated orchard soil with a history of replant disease containing a mixed population of 7 P. penetrans and P. projectus/100 g weighed 46% more and were 64% taller than seedlings grown in non-treated soil (Mai and Abawi 1978), (Cited in Merrifield, 2000). Pratylenchus penetrans has been responsible for severe decline and for replating failure in many cherry orchards. Also, this nematode can lower the resistance of plants to other pathogens (Anonymous, 1999).
- Prunus cerasifera: Initial population of 320/100 g soil necessary for growth reduction (Nyczepir and Halbrendt 1993). (Cited in Merrifield, 2000)
- Prunus persica: 5/100 g soil (Barker et al. 1976). Root impairment results in loss of vigour and yields of mature trees, but P. penetrans’ role in orchard replant problems is probably more economically important (Nyczepir and Halbrendt 1993). Pratylenchus penetrans has been responsible for severe decline and for replating failure in many peach orchards. Also, this nematode can lower the resistance of plants to other pathogens (Anonymous, 1999). In pots, seedling height was significantly reduced 40% by 114/100 cm3, 60% by 228/100 cm3, and 75% by 457/100 cm3 (Cited in Merrifield, 2000).
- Prunus salicina: In a Prunus salicina (var. Santa Rosa) orchard located in India, Pratylenchus penetrans was the predominant plant-parasitic nematode, with populations of 150-380 nematodes per 200 cc soil (Sharma et al., 2005).
In the responses to the questionnaire, FR supported deregulation in the EU, commenting that the pest had a 'low nuisance level on fruit plants'.

Medium to Major

No

Candidate

Evidence of its economic impact is available in the literature and confirmed by Spanish experts.
The damage caused by Pratylenchus is usually most severe in light-textured soils that are low in nutrients (e.g. nitrogen, potassium, or calcium) and in organic matter (Anonymous, 1999). pH and soil texture were the most influential variables in Pratylenchus distribution and abundance during the study of Clavero-Camacho et al. (2024) on plant parasitic nematodes affecting Prunus species in Spain.

Candidate

Crop rotation is difficult because of the wide host range of Pratylenchus penetrans, including weeds. Pratylenchus penetrans can propagate well on many crops, sometimes without causing damage (symptomless) (aaltjesschema). Recent research indicated that with proper choice of selected cultivars of cover crops, P. penetrans can be controlled but further breeding efforts are needed. Although some cover crops can reduce the population of Pratylenchus penetrans (Taning et al., 2023). Since many weeds can also be a host, adequate weed control is important (Aaltjesschema, 2019). Crop rotation is also a limited option since woody crops remain in soil for decades and the host-range of many of this of the plant parasitic nematodes is wide (Castillo y Vovlas, 2007).

Growing Tagetes spp. (e.g. Tagetes patula) can reduce the population considerably (Evenhuis et al., 2004). The authors predicted that strawberries could be grown for about 7 successive years without economic damage due to the root lesion nematode. Pudasaini et al. (2006) showed that Tagetes can reduce P. penetrans exponentially in time under marigold. The effect of marigold was persistent as no increase in P. penetrans densities over the whole soil profile was noticed after two crop cycles of host plants.

Use of clean soil: The propagation material is kept either in containers of sterilized growing medium or in soil that has been tested and found free from various nematodes (e.g. EPPO 2022).

Soil fumigation: dependent on legislation. Preplant soil fumigation does not eradicate nematodes but dramatically reduces nematode numbers. The nematodes return to their original population density (or greater) within 2 or 3 years after planting, but the absence of nematode pressure during the initial years of establishment is critical for trees to develop strong, healthy root systems (Abawi & Mai, 2014). With the progressive phase-out of chemical nematicides such as Aldicarb, Carbofuran, and 1,3-Dichloropropene, the effectiveness and sustainability of current plant-parasitic nematode management strategies remain limited (Barbosa et al., 2022).

Healthy plants: To prevent the introduction of nematode problems, new orchards should be established with trees obtained from reputable nurseries that treat their soils for nematodes (Abawi & Mai, 2014).

Candidate

Evaluation continues

Remark: The assessment performed covers the given host species as well as interspecific hybrids with other Prunus species.

Candidate

Pratylenchus penetrans is cosmopolitan and has more than 350 hosts including woody plants (e.g., fruit trees, roses) and herbaceous plants (e.g., potato, vegetables) (Moens & Perry, 2009, CABI, 2021), e.g., Malus is a good host for Pratylenchus penetrans (aaltjesschema, 2019). Also Pyrus spp., Cydonia oblonga, Pistacia vera and many Prunus spp. can be hosts of P. penetrans (Hoekstra & Oostenbrink, 1962; Askary et al., 2012; Merrifield, 2000). Ficus carica is not mentioned as hosts and information of Pratylenchus penetrans on Pistacia vera is scarce (PlantwisePlus Knowledge Bank, 2023; Fatemy, 2009), this could be linked to P. penetrans being a nematode from mostly temperate climates and fig and pistachio being more Mediterranean crops. P. penetrans can complete its entire life cycle within the roots of plants.
Pratylenchus spp. are migratory endoparasites that enter the host root for feeding and reproduction and move freely within the tissue. Consequently, they spend much of their life cycle in roots and are found in soil when the host plants are senescing, stressed or diseased, or when their hosts have been ploughed up after harvest (Castillo and Vovlas, 2007).
P. penetrans occurs mostly on sandy and peaty soil. The transport of infected plants or those growing in infested soils is one of the principal means by which these nematodes are disseminated (Lehman, 1994; Anonymous, 1999). Bare-rooted plants are often contaminated by soil particles which may contain nematodes. Roots can host endoparasitic nematodes that are not removed by washing treatments (Lehman, 1994). In this context, it is essential that the plant propagation material be free of this pathogen (Allen, 1949). Because it can survive in soil, it can be dispersed by land vehicles etc.; within a field by cultivation, and can be introduced to non-infested sites by poorly sanitized farm equipment. However, measures (including hygiene) can limit the importance of such alternative pathways.
In responses to the questionnaire, DE, FR and NL supported deregulation in the EU because soilborne and widespread in production areas.
Considering the numerous bibliographic references that highlight the importance of plants for planting as an important pathway, and the existence of measures that can reduce the role of the others reported pathways, host plants for planting with roots, with or without soil or growing media, are considered as a main pathway.

Yes

Pratylenchus penetrans is well recognized as economically important pest of stone-fruits (Mai and Parker, 1967; Townshend, 1990; Clavero-Camacho et al., 2024).
Much of the damage caused by root-lesion nematodes in stone fruits (Prunus spp.) results from their ability to induce extensive root necrosis. Nematode invasion of young roots induces reddish brown, elongated lesions. Root lesions darken with age, necrosis often spreads to affect the entire root, growth ceases, and the root dies. Severe infection may destroy the fine roots. Heavy infections often result in small root systems and stunted trees. Symptoms are more common on young trees than on old trees (Bird & Melakeberhan, 1995).
Depending on the level of P. penetrans present in the soil, damage might occur :
- Prunus dulcis: in the NEMAPLEX (2024) database, Prunus dulcis is reported as susceptible (= high level of nematode reproduction) to Pratylenchus penetrans (Siddiqui et al., 1973).
- Prunus armeniaca & Prunus domestica: mentioned as host. In the NEMAPLEX (2024) database, Prunus armeniaca is reported as susceptible (= high level of nematode reproduction) to Pratylenchus penetrans (Siddiqui et al., 1973).
- Prunus avium & Prunus cerasus: Initial population of 80/100 g soil necessary for growth reduction (Nyczepir and Halbrendt 1993). In NE U.S., reduced yield and shortened productive life of Montmorency cherry on Mazard and Mahaleb rootstocks; parasitized trees were less winter hardy (Nyczepir and Halbrendt 1993). In pots, seedlings grown for 12 weeks in steam-fumigated orchard soil with a history of replant disease containing a mixed population of 7 P. penetrans and P. projectus/100 g weighed 46% more and were 64% taller than seedlings grown in non-treated soil (Mai and Abawi 1978), (Cited in Merrifield, 2000). Pratylenchus penetrans has been responsible for severe decline and for replating failure in many cherry orchards. Also, this nematode can lower the resistance of plants to other pathogens (Anonymous, 1999).
- Prunus cerasifera: Initial population of 320/100 g soil necessary for growth reduction (Nyczepir and Halbrendt 1993). (Cited in Merrifield, 2000)
- Prunus persica: 5/100 g soil (Barker et al. 1976). Root impairment results in loss of vigour and yields of mature trees, but P. penetrans’ role in orchard replant problems is probably more economically important (Nyczepir and Halbrendt 1993). Pratylenchus penetrans has been responsible for severe decline and for replating failure in many peach orchards. Also, this nematode can lower the resistance of plants to other pathogens (Anonymous, 1999). In pots, seedling height was significantly reduced 40% by 114/100 cm3, 60% by 228/100 cm3, and 75% by 457/100 cm3 (Cited in Merrifield, 2000).
- Prunus salicina: In a Prunus salicina (var. Santa Rosa) orchard located in India, Pratylenchus penetrans was the predominant plant-parasitic nematode, with populations of 150-380 nematodes per 200 cc soil (Sharma et al., 2005).
In the responses to the questionnaire, FR supported deregulation in the EU, commenting that the pest had a 'low nuisance level on fruit plants'.

Medium to Major

No

Candidate

Evidence of its economic impact is available in the literature and confirmed by Spanish experts.
The damage caused by Pratylenchus is usually most severe in light-textured soils that are low in nutrients (e.g. nitrogen, potassium, or calcium) and in organic matter (Anonymous, 1999). pH and soil texture were the most influential variables in Pratylenchus distribution and abundance during the study of Clavero-Camacho et al. (2024) on plant parasitic nematodes affecting Prunus species in Spain.

Candidate

Crop rotation is difficult because of the wide host range of Pratylenchus penetrans, including weeds. Pratylenchus penetrans can propagate well on many crops, sometimes without causing damage (symptomless) (aaltjesschema). Recent research indicated that with proper choice of selected cultivars of cover crops, P. penetrans can be controlled but further breeding efforts are needed. Although some cover crops can reduce the population of Pratylenchus penetrans (Taning et al., 2023). Since many weeds can also be a host, adequate weed control is important (Aaltjesschema, 2019). Crop rotation is also a limited option since woody crops remain in soil for decades and the host-range of many of this of the plant parasitic nematodes is wide (Castillo y Vovlas, 2007).

Growing Tagetes spp. (e.g. Tagetes patula) can reduce the population considerably (Evenhuis et al., 2004). The authors predicted that strawberries could be grown for about 7 successive years without economic damage due to the root lesion nematode. Pudasaini et al. (2006) showed that Tagetes can reduce P. penetrans exponentially in time under marigold. The effect of marigold was persistent as no increase in P. penetrans densities over the whole soil profile was noticed after two crop cycles of host plants.

Use of clean soil: The propagation material is kept either in containers of sterilized growing medium or in soil that has been tested and found free from various nematodes (e.g. EPPO 2022).

Soil fumigation: dependent on legislation. Preplant soil fumigation does not eradicate nematodes but dramatically reduces nematode numbers. The nematodes return to their original population density (or greater) within 2 or 3 years after planting, but the absence of nematode pressure during the initial years of establishment is critical for trees to develop strong, healthy root systems (Abawi & Mai, 2014). With the progressive phase-out of chemical nematicides such as Aldicarb, Carbofuran, and 1,3-Dichloropropene, the effectiveness and sustainability of current plant-parasitic nematode management strategies remain limited (Barbosa et al., 2022).

Healthy plants: To prevent the introduction of nematode problems, new orchards should be established with trees obtained from reputable nurseries that treat their soils for nematodes (Abawi & Mai, 2014).

Candidate

Evaluation continues

Remark: The assessment performed covers the given host species as well as interspecific hybrids with other Prunus species.

Candidate

Pratylenchus penetrans is cosmopolitan and has more than 350 hosts including woody plants (e.g., fruit trees, roses) and herbaceous plants (e.g., potato, vegetables) (Moens & Perry, 2009, CABI, 2021), e.g., Malus is a good host for Pratylenchus penetrans (aaltjesschema, 2019). Also Pyrus spp., Cydonia oblonga, Pistacia vera and many Prunus spp. can be hosts of P. penetrans (Hoekstra & Oostenbrink, 1962; Askary et al., 2012; Merrifield, 2000). Ficus carica is not mentioned as hosts and information of Pratylenchus penetrans on Pistacia vera is scarce (PlantwisePlus Knowledge Bank, 2023; Fatemy, 2009), this could be linked to P. penetrans being a nematode from mostly temperate climates and fig and pistachio being more Mediterranean crops. P. penetrans can complete its entire life cycle within the roots of plants.
Pratylenchus spp. are migratory endoparasites that enter the host root for feeding and reproduction and move freely within the tissue. Consequently, they spend much of their life cycle in roots and are found in soil when the host plants are senescing, stressed or diseased, or when their hosts have been ploughed up after harvest (Castillo and Vovlas, 2007).
P. penetrans occurs mostly on sandy and peaty soil. The transport of infected plants or those growing in infested soils is one of the principal means by which these nematodes are disseminated (Lehman, 1994; Anonymous, 1999). Bare-rooted plants are often contaminated by soil particles which may contain nematodes. Roots can host endoparasitic nematodes that are not removed by washing treatments (Lehman, 1994). In this context, it is essential that the plant propagation material be free of this pathogen (Allen, 1949). Because it can survive in soil, it can be dispersed by land vehicles etc.; within a field by cultivation, and can be introduced to non-infested sites by poorly sanitized farm equipment. However, measures (including hygiene) can limit the importance of such alternative pathways.
In responses to the questionnaire, DE, FR and NL supported deregulation in the EU because soilborne and widespread in production areas.
Considering the numerous bibliographic references that highlight the importance of plants for planting as an important pathway, and the existence of measures that can reduce the role of the others reported pathways, host plants for planting with roots, with or without soil or growing media, are considered as a main pathway.

Yes

Pratylenchus penetrans is well recognized as economically important pest of stone-fruits (Mai and Parker, 1967; Townshend, 1990; Clavero-Camacho et al., 2024).
Much of the damage caused by root-lesion nematodes in stone fruits (Prunus spp.) results from their ability to induce extensive root necrosis. Nematode invasion of young roots induces reddish brown, elongated lesions. Root lesions darken with age, necrosis often spreads to affect the entire root, growth ceases, and the root dies. Severe infection may destroy the fine roots. Heavy infections often result in small root systems and stunted trees. Symptoms are more common on young trees than on old trees (Bird & Melakeberhan, 1995).
Depending on the level of P. penetrans present in the soil, damage might occur :
- Prunus dulcis: in the NEMAPLEX (2024) database, Prunus dulcis is reported as susceptible (= high level of nematode reproduction) to Pratylenchus penetrans (Siddiqui et al., 1973).
- Prunus armeniaca & Prunus domestica: mentioned as host. In the NEMAPLEX (2024) database, Prunus armeniaca is reported as susceptible (= high level of nematode reproduction) to Pratylenchus penetrans (Siddiqui et al., 1973).
- Prunus avium & Prunus cerasus: Initial population of 80/100 g soil necessary for growth reduction (Nyczepir and Halbrendt 1993). In NE U.S., reduced yield and shortened productive life of Montmorency cherry on Mazard and Mahaleb rootstocks; parasitized trees were less winter hardy (Nyczepir and Halbrendt 1993). In pots, seedlings grown for 12 weeks in steam-fumigated orchard soil with a history of replant disease containing a mixed population of 7 P. penetrans and P. projectus/100 g weighed 46% more and were 64% taller than seedlings grown in non-treated soil (Mai and Abawi 1978), (Cited in Merrifield, 2000). Pratylenchus penetrans has been responsible for severe decline and for replating failure in many cherry orchards. Also, this nematode can lower the resistance of plants to other pathogens (Anonymous, 1999).
- Prunus cerasifera: Initial population of 320/100 g soil necessary for growth reduction (Nyczepir and Halbrendt 1993). (Cited in Merrifield, 2000)
- Prunus persica: 5/100 g soil (Barker et al. 1976). Root impairment results in loss of vigour and yields of mature trees, but P. penetrans’ role in orchard replant problems is probably more economically important (Nyczepir and Halbrendt 1993). Pratylenchus penetrans has been responsible for severe decline and for replating failure in many peach orchards. Also, this nematode can lower the resistance of plants to other pathogens (Anonymous, 1999). In pots, seedling height was significantly reduced 40% by 114/100 cm3, 60% by 228/100 cm3, and 75% by 457/100 cm3 (Cited in Merrifield, 2000).
- Prunus salicina: In a Prunus salicina (var. Santa Rosa) orchard located in India, Pratylenchus penetrans was the predominant plant-parasitic nematode, with populations of 150-380 nematodes per 200 cc soil (Sharma et al., 2005).
In the responses to the questionnaire, FR supported deregulation in the EU, commenting that the pest had a 'low nuisance level on fruit plants'.

Medium to Major

No

Candidate

Evidence of its economic impact is available in the literature and confirmed by Spanish experts.
The damage caused by Pratylenchus is usually most severe in light-textured soils that are low in nutrients (e.g. nitrogen, potassium, or calcium) and in organic matter (Anonymous, 1999). pH and soil texture were the most influential variables in Pratylenchus distribution and abundance during the study of Clavero-Camacho et al. (2024) on plant parasitic nematodes affecting Prunus species in Spain.

Candidate

Crop rotation is difficult because of the wide host range of Pratylenchus penetrans, including weeds. Pratylenchus penetrans can propagate well on many crops, sometimes without causing damage (symptomless) (aaltjesschema). Recent research indicated that with proper choice of selected cultivars of cover crops, P. penetrans can be controlled but further breeding efforts are needed. Although some cover crops can reduce the population of Pratylenchus penetrans (Taning et al., 2023). Since many weeds can also be a host, adequate weed control is important (Aaltjesschema, 2019). Crop rotation is also a limited option since woody crops remain in soil for decades and the host-range of many of this of the plant parasitic nematodes is wide (Castillo y Vovlas, 2007).

Growing Tagetes spp. (e.g. Tagetes patula) can reduce the population considerably (Evenhuis et al., 2004). The authors predicted that strawberries could be grown for about 7 successive years without economic damage due to the root lesion nematode. Pudasaini et al. (2006) showed that Tagetes can reduce P. penetrans exponentially in time under marigold. The effect of marigold was persistent as no increase in P. penetrans densities over the whole soil profile was noticed after two crop cycles of host plants.

Use of clean soil: The propagation material is kept either in containers of sterilized growing medium or in soil that has been tested and found free from various nematodes (e.g. EPPO 2022).

Soil fumigation: dependent on legislation. Preplant soil fumigation does not eradicate nematodes but dramatically reduces nematode numbers. The nematodes return to their original population density (or greater) within 2 or 3 years after planting, but the absence of nematode pressure during the initial years of establishment is critical for trees to develop strong, healthy root systems (Abawi & Mai, 2014). With the progressive phase-out of chemical nematicides such as Aldicarb, Carbofuran, and 1,3-Dichloropropene, the effectiveness and sustainability of current plant-parasitic nematode management strategies remain limited (Barbosa et al., 2022).

Healthy plants: To prevent the introduction of nematode problems, new orchards should be established with trees obtained from reputable nurseries that treat their soils for nematodes (Abawi & Mai, 2014).

Candidate

Evaluation continues

Remark: The assessment performed covers the given host species as well as interspecific hybrids with other Prunus species.

Candidate

Pratylenchus penetrans is cosmopolitan and has more than 350 hosts including woody plants (e.g., fruit trees, roses) and herbaceous plants (e.g., potato, vegetables) (Moens & Perry, 2009, CABI, 2021), e.g., Malus is a good host for Pratylenchus penetrans (aaltjesschema, 2019). Also Pyrus spp., Cydonia oblonga, Pistacia vera and many Prunus spp. can be hosts of P. penetrans (Hoekstra & Oostenbrink, 1962; Askary et al., 2012; Merrifield, 2000). Ficus carica is not mentioned as hosts and information of Pratylenchus penetrans on Pistacia vera is scarce (PlantwisePlus Knowledge Bank, 2023; Fatemy, 2009), this could be linked to P. penetrans being a nematode from mostly temperate climates and fig and pistachio being more Mediterranean crops. P. penetrans can complete its entire life cycle within the roots of plants.
Pratylenchus spp. are migratory endoparasites that enter the host root for feeding and reproduction and move freely within the tissue. Consequently, they spend much of their life cycle in roots and are found in soil when the host plants are senescing, stressed or diseased, or when their hosts have been ploughed up after harvest (Castillo and Vovlas, 2007).
P. penetrans occurs mostly on sandy and peaty soil. The transport of infected plants or those growing in infested soils is one of the principal means by which these nematodes are disseminated (Lehman, 1994; Anonymous, 1999). Bare-rooted plants are often contaminated by soil particles which may contain nematodes. Roots can host endoparasitic nematodes that are not removed by washing treatments (Lehman, 1994). In this context, it is essential that the plant propagation material be free of this pathogen (Allen, 1949). Because it can survive in soil, it can be dispersed by land vehicles etc.; within a field by cultivation, and can be introduced to non-infested sites by poorly sanitized farm equipment. However, measures (including hygiene) can limit the importance of such alternative pathways.
In responses to the questionnaire, DE, FR and NL supported deregulation in the EU because soilborne and widespread in production areas.
Considering the numerous bibliographic references that highlight the importance of plants for planting as an important pathway, and the existence of measures that can reduce the role of the others reported pathways, host plants for planting with roots, with or without soil or growing media, are a considered as a main pathway.

Yes

Pratylenchus penetrans is well recognized as economically important pest of stone-fruits (Mai and Parker, 1967; Townshend, 1990; Clavero-Camacho et al., 2024).
Much of the damage caused by root-lesion nematodes in stone fruits (Prunus spp.) results from their ability to induce extensive root necrosis. Nematode invasion of young roots induces reddish brown, elongated lesions. Root lesions darken with age, necrosis often spreads to affect the entire root, growth ceases, and the root dies. Severe infection may destroy the fine roots. Heavy infections often result in small root systems and stunted trees. Symptoms are more common on young trees than on old trees (Bird & Melakeberhan, 1995).
Depending on the level of P. penetrans present in the soil, damage might occur :
- Prunus dulcis: in the NEMAPLEX (2024) database, Prunus dulcis is reported as susceptible (= high level of nematode reproduction) to Pratylenchus penetrans (Siddiqui et al., 1973).
- Prunus armeniaca & Prunus domestica: mentioned as host. In the NEMAPLEX (2024) database, Prunus armeniaca is reported as susceptible (= high level of nematode reproduction) to Pratylenchus penetrans (Siddiqui et al., 1973).
- Prunus avium & Prunus cerasus: Initial population of 80/100 g soil necessary for growth reduction (Nyczepir and Halbrendt 1993). In NE U.S., reduced yield and shortened productive life of Montmorency cherry on Mazard and Mahaleb rootstocks; parasitized trees were less winter hardy (Nyczepir and Halbrendt 1993). In pots, seedlings grown for 12 weeks in steam-fumigated orchard soil with a history of replant disease containing a mixed population of 7 P. penetrans and P. projectus/100 g weighed 46% more and were 64% taller than seedlings grown in non-treated soil (Mai and Abawi 1978), (Cited in Merrifield, 2000). Pratylenchus penetrans has been responsible for severe decline and for replating failure in many cherry orchards. Also, this nematode can lower the resistance of plants to other pathogens (Anonymous, 1999).
- Prunus cerasifera: Initial population of 320/100 g soil necessary for growth reduction (Nyczepir and Halbrendt 1993). (Cited in Merrifield, 2000)
- Prunus persica: 5/100 g soil (Barker et al. 1976). Root impairment results in loss of vigour and yields of mature trees, but P. penetrans’ role in orchard replant problems is probably more economically important (Nyczepir and Halbrendt 1993). Pratylenchus penetrans has been responsible for severe decline and for replating failure in many peach orchards. Also, this nematode can lower the resistance of plants to other pathogens (Anonymous, 1999). In pots, seedling height was significantly reduced 40% by 114/100 cm3, 60% by 228/100 cm3, and 75% by 457/100 cm3 (Cited in Merrifield, 2000).
- Prunus salicina: In a Prunus salicina (var. Santa Rosa) orchard located in India, Pratylenchus penetrans was the predominant plant-parasitic nematode, with populations of 150-380 nematodes per 200 cc soil (Sharma et al., 2005).
In the responses to the questionnaire, FR supported deregulation in the EU, commenting that the pest had a 'low nuisance level on fruit plants'.

Medium to Major

No

Candidate

Evidence of its economic impact is available in the literature and confirmed by Spanish experts.
The damage caused by Pratylenchus is usually most severe in light-textured soils that are low in nutrients (e.g. nitrogen, potassium, or calcium) and in organic matter (Anonymous, 1999). pH and soil texture were the most influential variables in Pratylenchus distribution and abundance during the study of Clavero-Camacho et al. (2024) on plant parasitic nematodes affecting Prunus species in Spain.

Candidate

Crop rotation is difficult because of the wide host range of Pratylenchus penetrans, including weeds. Pratylenchus penetrans can propagate well on many crops, sometimes without causing damage (symptomless) (aaltjesschema). Recent research indicated that with proper choice of selected cultivars of cover crops, P. penetrans can be controlled but further breeding efforts are needed. Although some cover crops can reduce the population of Pratylenchus penetrans (Taning et al., 2023). Since many weeds can also be a host, adequate weed control is important (Aaltjesschema, 2019). Crop rotation is also a limited option since woody crops remain in soil for decades and the host-range of many of this of the plant parasitic nematodes is wide (Castillo y Vovlas, 2007).

Growing Tagetes spp. (e.g. Tagetes patula) can reduce the population considerably (Evenhuis et al., 2004). The authors predicted that strawberries could be grown for about 7 successive years without economic damage due to the root lesion nematode. Pudasaini et al. (2006) showed that Tagetes can reduce P. penetrans exponentially in time under marigold. The effect of marigold was persistent as no increase in P. penetrans densities over the whole soil profile was noticed after two crop cycles of host plants.

Use of clean soil: The propagation material is kept either in containers of sterilized growing medium or in soil that has been tested and found free from various nematodes (e.g. EPPO 2022).

Soil fumigation: dependent on legislation. Preplant soil fumigation does not eradicate nematodes but dramatically reduces nematode numbers. The nematodes return to their original population density (or greater) within 2 or 3 years after planting, but the absence of nematode pressure during the initial years of establishment is critical for trees to develop strong, healthy root systems (Abawi & Mai, 2014). With the progressive phase-out of chemical nematicides such as Aldicarb, Carbofuran, and 1,3-Dichloropropene, the effectiveness and sustainability of current plant-parasitic nematode management strategies remain limited (Barbosa et al., 2022).

Healthy plants: To prevent the introduction of nematode problems, new orchards should be established with trees obtained from reputable nurseries that treat their soils for nematodes (Abawi & Mai, 2014).

Candidate

Evaluation continues

Remark: The assessment performed covers the given host species as well as interspecific hybrids with other Prunus species.

Candidate

Pratylenchus penetrans is cosmopolitan and has more than 350 hosts including woody plants (e.g., fruit trees, roses) and herbaceous plants (e.g., potato, vegetables) (Moens & Perry, 2009, CABI, 2021), e.g., Malus is a good host for Pratylenchus penetrans (aaltjesschema, 2019). Also Pyrus spp., Cydonia oblonga, Pistacia vera and many Prunus spp. can be hosts of P. penetrans (Hoekstra & Oostenbrink, 1962; Askary et al., 2012; Merrifield, 2000). Ficus carica is not mentioned as hosts and information of Pratylenchus penetrans on Pistacia vera is scarce (PlantwisePlus Knowledge Bank, 2023; Fatemy, 2009), this could be linked to P. penetrans being a nematode from mostly temperate climates and fig and pistachio being more Mediterranean crops. P. penetrans can complete its entire life cycle within the roots of plants.
Pratylenchus spp. are migratory endoparasites that enter the host root for feeding and reproduction and move freely within the tissue. Consequently, they spend much of their life cycle in roots and are found in soil when the host plants are senescing, stressed or diseased, or when their hosts have been ploughed up after harvest (Castillo and Vovlas, 2007).
P. penetrans occurs mostly on sandy and peaty soil. The transport of infected plants or those growing in infested soils is one of the principal means by which these nematodes are disseminated (Lehman, 1994; Anonymous, 1999). Bare-rooted plants are often contaminated by soil particles which may contain nematodes. Roots can host endoparasitic nematodes that are not removed by washing treatments (Lehman, 1994). In this context, it is essential that the plant propagation material be free of this pathogen (Allen, 1949). Because it can survive in soil, it can be dispersed by land vehicles etc.; within a field by cultivation, and can be introduced to non-infested sites by poorly sanitized farm equipment. However, measures (including hygiene) can limit the importance of such alternative pathways.
In responses to the questionnaire, DE, FR and NL supported deregulation in the EU because soilborne and widespread in production areas.
Considering the numerous bibliographic references that highlight the importance of plants for planting as an important pathway, and the existence of measures that can reduce the role of the others reported pathways, host plants for planting with roots, with or without soil or growing media, are a considered as a main pathway.

Yes

Pratylenchus penetrans is well recognized as economically important pest of stone-fruits (Mai and Parker, 1967; Townshend, 1990; Clavero-Camacho et al., 2024).
Much of the damage caused by root-lesion nematodes in stone fruits (Prunus spp.) results from their ability to induce extensive root necrosis. Nematode invasion of young roots induces reddish brown, elongated lesions. Root lesions darken with age, necrosis often spreads to affect the entire root, growth ceases, and the root dies. Severe infection may destroy the fine roots. Heavy infections often result in small root systems and stunted trees. Symptoms are more common on young trees than on old trees (Bird & Melakeberhan, 1995).
Depending on the level of P. penetrans present in the soil, damage might occur :
- Prunus dulcis: in the NEMAPLEX (2024) database, Prunus dulcis is reported as susceptible (= high level of nematode reproduction) to Pratylenchus penetrans (Siddiqui et al., 1973).
- Prunus armeniaca & Prunus domestica: mentioned as host. In the NEMAPLEX (2024) database, Prunus armeniaca is reported as susceptible (= high level of nematode reproduction) to Pratylenchus penetrans (Siddiqui et al., 1973).
- Prunus avium & Prunus cerasus: Initial population of 80/100 g soil necessary for growth reduction (Nyczepir and Halbrendt 1993). In NE U.S., reduced yield and shortened productive life of Montmorency cherry on Mazard and Mahaleb rootstocks; parasitized trees were less winter hardy (Nyczepir and Halbrendt 1993). In pots, seedlings grown for 12 weeks in steam-fumigated orchard soil with a history of replant disease containing a mixed population of 7 P. penetrans and P. projectus/100 g weighed 46% more and were 64% taller than seedlings grown in non-treated soil (Mai and Abawi 1978), (Cited in Merrifield, 2000). Pratylenchus penetrans has been responsible for severe decline and for replanting failure in many cherry orchards. Also, this nematode can lower the resistance of plants to other pathogens (Anonymous, 1999).
- Prunus cerasifera: Initial population of 320/100 g soil necessary for growth reduction (Nyczepir and Halbrendt 1993). (Cited in Merrifield, 2000)
- Prunus persica: 5/100 g soil (Barker et al. 1976). Root impairment results in loss of vigour and yields of mature trees, but P. penetrans’ role in orchard replant problems is probably more economically important (Nyczepir and Halbrendt 1993). Pratylenchus penetrans has been responsible for severe decline and for replating failure in many peach orchards. Also, this nematode can lower the resistance of plants to other pathogens (Anonymous, 1999). In pots, seedling height was significantly reduced 40% by 114/100 cm3, 60% by 228/100 cm3, and 75% by 457/100 cm3 (Cited in Merrifield, 2000).
- Prunus salicina: In a Prunus salicina (var. Santa Rosa) orchard located in India, Pratylenchus penetrans was the predominant plant-parasitic nematode, with populations of 150-380 nematodes per 200 cc soil (Sharma et al., 2005).
In the responses to the questionnaire, FR supported deregulation in the EU, commenting that the pest had a 'low nuisance level on fruit plants'.

Medium to Major

No

Candidate

Evidence of its economic impact is available in the literature and confirmed by Spanish experts.
The damage caused by Pratylenchus is usually most severe in light-textured soils that are low in nutrients (e.g. nitrogen, potassium, or calcium) and in organic matter (Anonymous, 1999). pH and soil texture were the most influential variables in Pratylenchus distribution and abundance during the study of Clavero-Camacho et al. (2024) on plant parasitic nematodes affecting Prunus species in Spain.

Candidate

Crop rotation is difficult because of the wide host range of Pratylenchus penetrans, including weeds. Pratylenchus penetrans can propagate well on many crops, sometimes without causing damage (symptomless) (aaltjesschema). Recent research indicated that with proper choice of selected cultivars of cover crops, P. penetrans can be controlled but further breeding efforts are needed. Although some cover crops can reduce the population of Pratylenchus penetrans (Taning et al., 2023). Since many weeds can also be a host, adequate weed control is important (Aaltjesschema, 2019). Crop rotation is also a limited option since woody crops remain in soil for decades and the host-range of many of this of the plant parasitic nematodes is wide (Castillo y Vovlas, 2007).

Growing Tagetes spp. (e.g. Tagetes patula) can reduce the population considerably (Evenhuis et al., 2004). The authors predicted that strawberries could be grown for about 7 successive years without economic damage due to the root lesion nematode. Pudasaini et al. (2006) showed that Tagetes can reduce P. penetrans exponentially in time under marigold. The effect of marigold was persistent as no increase in P. penetrans densities over the whole soil profile was noticed after two crop cycles of host plants.

Use of clean soil: The propagation material is kept either in containers of sterilized growing medium or in soil that has been tested and found free from various nematodes (e.g. EPPO 2022).

Soil fumigation: dependent on legislation. Preplant soil fumigation does not eradicate nematodes but dramatically reduces nematode numbers. The nematodes return to their original population density (or greater) within 2 or 3 years after planting, but the absence of nematode pressure during the initial years of establishment is critical for trees to develop strong, healthy root systems (Abawi & Mai, 2014). With the progressive phase-out of chemical nematicides such as Aldicarb, Carbofuran, and 1,3-Dichloropropene, the effectiveness and sustainability of current plant-parasitic nematode management strategies remain limited (Barbosa et al., 2022).

Healthy plants: To prevent the introduction of nematode problems, new orchards should be established with trees obtained from reputable nurseries that treat their soils for nematodes (Abawi & Mai, 2014).

Candidate

Evaluation continues

Remark: The assessment performed covers the given host species as well as interspecific hybrids with other Prunus species.

Candidate

Pratylenchus penetrans is cosmopolitan and has more than 350 hosts including woody plants (e.g., fruit trees, roses) and herbaceous plants (e.g., potato, vegetables) (Moens & Perry, 2009, CABI, 2021), e.g., Malus is a good host for Pratylenchus penetrans (aaltjesschema, 2019). Also Pyrus spp., Cydonia oblonga, Pistacia vera and many Prunus spp. can be hosts of P. penetrans (Hoekstra & Oostenbrink, 1962; Askary et al., 2012; Merrifield, 2000). Ficus carica is not mentioned as hosts and information of Pratylenchus penetrans on Pistacia vera is scarce (PlantwisePlus Knowledge Bank, 2023; Fatemy, 2009), this could be linked to P. penetrans being a nematode from mostly temperate climates and fig and pistachio being more Mediterranean crops. P. penetrans can complete its entire life cycle within the roots of plants.
Pratylenchus spp. are migratory endoparasites that enter the host root for feeding and reproduction and move freely within the tissue. Consequently, they spend much of their life cycle in roots and are found in soil when the host plants are senescing, stressed or diseased, or when their hosts have been ploughed up after harvest (Castillo and Vovlas, 2007).
P. penetrans occurs mostly on sandy and peaty soil. The transport of infected plants or those growing in infested soils is one of the principal means by which these nematodes are disseminated (Lehman, 1994; Anonymous, 1999). Bare-rooted plants are often contaminated by soil particles which may contain nematodes. Roots can host endoparasitic nematodes that are not removed by washing treatments (Lehman, 1994). In this context, it is essential that the plant propagation material be free of this pathogen (Allen, 1949). Because it can survive in soil, it can be dispersed by land vehicles etc.; within a field by cultivation, and can be introduced to non-infested sites by poorly sanitized farm equipment. However, measures (including hygiene) can limit the importance of such alternative pathways.
In responses to the questionnaire, DE, FR and NL supported deregulation in the EU because soilborne and widespread in production areas.
Considering the numerous bibliographic references that highlight the importance of plants for planting as an important pathway, and the existence of measures that can reduce the role of the others reported pathways, host plants for planting with roots, with or without soil or growing media, are considered as a main pathway.

Yes

Pratylenchus penetrans is well recognized as economically important pest of stone-fruits (Mai and Parker, 1967; Townshend, 1990; Clavero-Camacho et al., 2024).
Much of the damage caused by root-lesion nematodes in stone fruits (Prunus spp.) results from their ability to induce extensive root necrosis. Nematode invasion of young roots induces reddish brown, elongated lesions. Root lesions darken with age, necrosis often spreads to affect the entire root, growth ceases, and the root dies. Severe infection may destroy the fine roots. Heavy infections often result in small root systems and stunted trees. Symptoms are more common on young trees than on old trees (Bird & Melakeberhan, 1995).
Depending on the level of P. penetrans present in the soil, damage might occur :
- Prunus dulcis: in the NEMAPLEX (2024) database, Prunus dulcis is reported as susceptible (= high level of nematode reproduction) to Pratylenchus penetrans (Siddiqui et al., 1973).
- Prunus armeniaca & Prunus domestica: mentioned as host. In the NEMAPLEX (2024) database, Prunus armeniaca is reported as susceptible (= high level of nematode reproduction) to Pratylenchus penetrans (Siddiqui et al., 1973).
- Prunus avium & Prunus cerasus: Initial population of 80/100 g soil necessary for growth reduction (Nyczepir and Halbrendt 1993). In NE U.S., reduced yield and shortened productive life of Montmorency cherry on Mazard and Mahaleb rootstocks; parasitized trees were less winter hardy (Nyczepir and Halbrendt 1993). In pots, seedlings grown for 12 weeks in steam-fumigated orchard soil with a history of replant disease containing a mixed population of 7 P. penetrans and P. projectus/100 g weighed 46% more and were 64% taller than seedlings grown in non-treated soil (Mai and Abawi 1978), (Cited in Merrifield, 2000). Pratylenchus penetrans has been responsible for severe decline and for replating failure in many cherry orchards. Also, this nematode can lower the resistance of plants to other pathogens (Anonymous, 1999).
- Prunus cerasifera: Initial population of 320/100 g soil necessary for growth reduction (Nyczepir and Halbrendt 1993). (Cited in Merrifield, 2000)
- Prunus persica: 5/100 g soil (Barker et al. 1976). Root impairment results in loss of vigour and yields of mature trees, but P. penetrans’ role in orchard replant problems is probably more economically important (Nyczepir and Halbrendt 1993). Pratylenchus penetrans has been responsible for severe decline and for replating failure in many peach orchards. Also, this nematode can lower the resistance of plants to other pathogens (Anonymous, 1999). In pots, seedling height was significantly reduced 40% by 114/100 cm3, 60% by 228/100 cm3, and 75% by 457/100 cm3 (Cited in Merrifield, 2000).
- Prunus salicina: In a Prunus salicina (var. Santa Rosa) orchard located in India, Pratylenchus penetrans was the predominant plant-parasitic nematode, with populations of 150-380 nematodes per 200 cc soil (Sharma et al., 2005).
In the responses to the questionnaire, FR supported deregulation in the EU, commenting that the pest had a 'low nuisance level on fruit plants'.

Medium to Major

No

Candidate

Evidence of its economic impact is available in the literature and confirmed by Spanish experts.
The damage caused by Pratylenchus is usually most severe in light-textured soils that are low in nutrients (e.g. nitrogen, potassium, or calcium) and in organic matter (Anonymous, 1999). pH and soil texture were the most influential variables in Pratylenchus distribution and abundance during the study of Clavero-Camacho et al. (2024) on plant parasitic nematodes affecting Prunus species in Spain.

Candidate

Crop rotation is difficult because of the wide host range of Pratylenchus penetrans, including weeds. Pratylenchus penetrans can propagate well on many crops, sometimes without causing damage (symptomless) (aaltjesschema). Recent research indicated that with proper choice of selected cultivars of cover crops, P. penetrans can be controlled but further breeding efforts are needed. Although some cover crops can reduce the population of Pratylenchus penetrans (Taning et al., 2023). Since many weeds can also be a host, adequate weed control is important (Aaltjesschema, 2019). Crop rotation is also a limited option since woody crops remain in soil for decades and the host-range of many of this of the plant parasitic nematodes is wide (Castillo y Vovlas, 2007).

Growing Tagetes spp. (e.g. Tagetes patula) can reduce the population considerably (Evenhuis et al., 2004). The authors predicted that strawberries could be grown for about 7 successive years without economic damage due to the root lesion nematode. Pudasaini et al. (2006) showed that Tagetes can reduce P. penetrans exponentially in time under marigold. The effect of marigold was persistent as no increase in P. penetrans densities over the whole soil profile was noticed after two crop cycles of host plants.

Use of clean soil: The propagation material is kept either in containers of sterilized growing medium or in soil that has been tested and found free from various nematodes (e.g. EPPO 2022).

Soil fumigation: dependent on legislation. Preplant soil fumigation does not eradicate nematodes but dramatically reduces nematode numbers. The nematodes return to their original population density (or greater) within 2 or 3 years after planting, but the absence of nematode pressure during the initial years of establishment is critical for trees to develop strong, healthy root systems (Abawi & Mai, 2014). With the progressive phase-out of chemical nematicides such as Aldicarb, Carbofuran, and 1,3-Dichloropropene, the effectiveness and sustainability of current plant-parasitic nematode management strategies remain limited (Barbosa et al., 2022).

Healthy plants: To prevent the introduction of nematode problems, new orchards should be established with trees obtained from reputable nurseries that treat their soils for nematodes (Abawi & Mai, 2014).

Candidate

Evaluation continues

Remark: The assessment performed covers the given host species as well as interspecific hybrids with other Prunus species.

Candidate

Pratylenchus penetrans is cosmopolitan and has more than 350 hosts including woody plants (e.g., fruit trees, roses) and herbaceous plants (e.g., potato, vegetables) (Moens & Perry, 2009, CABI, 2021), e.g., Malus is a good host for Pratylenchus penetrans (aaltjesschema, 2019). Also Pyrus spp., Cydonia oblonga, Pistacia vera and many Prunus spp. can be hosts of P. penetrans (Hoekstra & Oostenbrink, 1962; Askary et al., 2012; Merrifield, 2000). Ficus carica is not mentioned as hosts and information of Pratylenchus penetrans on Pistacia vera is scarce (PlantwisePlus Knowledge Bank, 2023; Fatemy, 2009), this could be linked to P. penetrans being a nematode from mostly temperate climates and fig and pistachio being more Mediterranean crops. P. penetrans can complete its entire life cycle within the roots of plants.
Pratylenchus spp. are migratory endoparasites that enter the host root for feeding and reproduction and move freely within the tissue. Consequently, they spend much of their life cycle in roots and are found in soil when the host plants are senescing, stressed or diseased, or when their hosts have been ploughed up after harvest (Castillo and Vovlas, 2007).
P. penetrans occurs mostly on sandy and peaty soil. The transport of infected plants or those growing in infested soils is one of the principal means by which these nematodes are disseminated (Lehman, 1994; Anonymous, 1999). Bare-rooted plants are often contaminated by soil particles which may contain nematodes. Roots can host endoparasitic nematodes that are not removed by washing treatments (Lehman, 1994). In this context, it is essential that the plant propagation material be free of this pathogen (Allen, 1949). Because it can survive in soil, it can be dispersed by land vehicles etc.; within a field by cultivation, and can be introduced to non-infested sites by poorly sanitized farm equipment. However, measures (including hygiene) can limit the importance of such alternative pathways.
In responses to the questionnaire, DE, FR and NL supported deregulation in the EU because soilborne and widespread in production areas.
Considering the numerous bibliographic references that highlight the importance of plants for planting as an important pathway, and the existence of measures that can reduce the role of the others reported pathways, host plants for planting with roots, with or without soil or growing media, are considered as a main pathway.

Yes

Pratylenchus penetrans is well recognized as economically important pest of stone-fruits (Mai and Parker, 1967; Townshend, 1990; Clavero-Camacho et al., 2024).
Much of the damage caused by root-lesion nematodes in stone fruits (Prunus spp.) results from their ability to induce extensive root necrosis. Nematode invasion of young roots induces reddish brown, elongated lesions. Root lesions darken with age, necrosis often spreads to affect the entire root, growth ceases, and the root dies. Severe infection may destroy the fine roots. Heavy infections often result in small root systems and stunted trees. Symptoms are more common on young trees than on old trees (Bird & Melakeberhan, 1995).
Depending on the level of P. penetrans present in the soil, damage might occur :
- Prunus dulcis: in the NEMAPLEX (2024) database, Prunus dulcis is reported as susceptible (= high level of nematode reproduction) to Pratylenchus penetrans (Siddiqui et al., 1973).
- Prunus armeniaca & Prunus domestica: mentioned as host. In the NEMAPLEX (2024) database, Prunus armeniaca is reported as susceptible (= high level of nematode reproduction) to Pratylenchus penetrans (Siddiqui et al., 1973).
- Prunus avium & Prunus cerasus: Initial population of 80/100 g soil necessary for growth reduction (Nyczepir and Halbrendt 1993). In NE U.S., reduced yield and shortened productive life of Montmorency cherry on Mazard and Mahaleb rootstocks; parasitized trees were less winter hardy (Nyczepir and Halbrendt 1993). In pots, seedlings grown for 12 weeks in steam-fumigated orchard soil with a history of replant disease containing a mixed population of 7 P. penetrans and P. projectus/100 g weighed 46% more and were 64% taller than seedlings grown in non-treated soil (Mai and Abawi 1978), (Cited in Merrifield, 2000). Pratylenchus penetrans has been responsible for severe decline and for replating failure in many cherry orchards. Also, this nematode can lower the resistance of plants to other pathogens (Anonymous, 1999).
- Prunus cerasifera: Initial population of 320/100 g soil necessary for growth reduction (Nyczepir and Halbrendt 1993). (Cited in Merrifield, 2000)
- Prunus persica: 5/100 g soil (Barker et al. 1976). Root impairment results in loss of vigour and yields of mature trees, but P. penetrans’ role in orchard replant problems is probably more economically important (Nyczepir and Halbrendt 1993). Pratylenchus penetrans has been responsible for severe decline and for replating failure in many peach orchards. Also, this nematode can lower the resistance of plants to other pathogens (Anonymous, 1999). In pots, seedling height was significantly reduced 40% by 114/100 cm3, 60% by 228/100 cm3, and 75% by 457/100 cm3 (Cited in Merrifield, 2000).
- Prunus salicina: In a Prunus salicina (var. Santa Rosa) orchard located in India, Pratylenchus penetrans was the predominant plant-parasitic nematode, with populations of 150-380 nematodes per 200 cc soil (Sharma et al., 2005).
In the responses to the questionnaire, FR supported deregulation in the EU, commenting that the pest had a 'low nuisance level on fruit plants'.

Medium to Major

No

Candidate

Evidence of its economic impact is available in the literature and confirmed by Spanish experts.
The damage caused by Pratylenchus is usually most severe in light-textured soils that are low in nutrients (e.g. nitrogen, potassium, or calcium) and in organic matter (Anonymous, 1999). pH and soil texture were the most influential variables in Pratylenchus distribution and abundance during the study of Clavero-Camacho et al. (2024) on plant parasitic nematodes affecting Prunus species in Spain.

Candidate

Crop rotation is difficult because of the wide host range of Pratylenchus penetrans, including weeds. Pratylenchus penetrans can propagate well on many crops, sometimes without causing damage (symptomless) (aaltjesschema). Recent research indicated that with proper choice of selected cultivars of cover crops, P. penetrans can be controlled but further breeding efforts are needed. Although some cover crops can reduce the population of Pratylenchus penetrans (Taning et al., 2023). Since many weeds can also be a host, adequate weed control is important (Aaltjesschema, 2019). Crop rotation is also a limited option since woody crops remain in soil for decades and the host-range of many of this of the plant parasitic nematodes is wide (Castillo y Vovlas, 2007).

Growing Tagetes spp. (e.g. Tagetes patula) can reduce the population considerably (Evenhuis et al., 2004). The authors predicted that strawberries could be grown for about 7 successive years without economic damage due to the root lesion nematode. Pudasaini et al. (2006) showed that Tagetes can reduce P. penetrans exponentially in time under marigold. The effect of marigold was persistent as no increase in P. penetrans densities over the whole soil profile was noticed after two crop cycles of host plants.

Use of clean soil: The propagation material is kept either in containers of sterilized growing medium or in soil that has been tested and found free from various nematodes (e.g. EPPO 2022).

Soil fumigation: dependent on legislation. Preplant soil fumigation does not eradicate nematodes but dramatically reduces nematode numbers. The nematodes return to their original population density (or greater) within 2 or 3 years after planting, but the absence of nematode pressure during the initial years of establishment is critical for trees to develop strong, healthy root systems (Abawi & Mai, 2014). With the progressive phase-out of chemical nematicides such as Aldicarb, Carbofuran, and 1,3-Dichloropropene, the effectiveness and sustainability of current plant-parasitic nematode management strategies remain limited (Barbosa et al., 2022).

Healthy plants: To prevent the introduction of nematode problems, new orchards should be established with trees obtained from reputable nurseries that treat their soils for nematodes (Abawi & Mai, 2014).

Candidate

Evaluation continues

Candidate

Pratylenchus penetrans is cosmopolitan and has more than 350 hosts including woody plants (e.g., fruit trees, roses) and herbaceous plants (e.g., potato, vegetables) (Moens & Perry, 2009, CABI, 2021), e.g., Malus is a good host for Pratylenchus penetrans (aaltjesschema, 2019). Also Pyrus spp., Cydonia oblonga, Pistacia vera and many Prunus spp. can be hosts of P. penetrans (Hoekstra & Oostenbrink, 1962; Askary et al., 2012; Merrifield, 2000). Ficus carica is not mentioned as hosts and information of Pratylenchus penetrans on Pistacia vera is scarce (PlantwisePlus Knowledge Bank, 2023; Fatemy, 2009), this could be linked to P. penetrans being a nematode from mostly temperate climates and fig and pistachio being more Mediterranean crops. P. penetrans can complete its entire life cycle within the roots of plants.
Pratylenchus spp. are migratory endoparasites that enter the host root for feeding and reproduction and move freely within the tissue. Consequently, they spend much of their life cycle in roots and are found in soil when the host plants are senescing, stressed or diseased, or when their hosts have been ploughed up after harvest (Castillo and Vovlas, 2007).
P. penetrans occurs mostly on sandy and peaty soil. The transport of infected plants or those growing in infested soils is one of the principal means by which these nematodes are disseminated (Lehman, 1994; Anonymous, 1999). Bare-rooted plants are often contaminated by soil particles which may contain nematodes. Roots can host endoparasitic nematodes that are not removed by washing treatments (Lehman, 1994). In this context, it is essential that the plant propagation material be free of this pathogen (Allen, 1949). Because it can survive in soil, it can be dispersed by land vehicles etc.; within a field by cultivation, and can be introduced to non-infested sites by poorly sanitized farm equipment. However, measures (including hygiene) can limit the importance of such alternative pathways.
In responses to the questionnaire, DE, FR and NL supported deregulation in the EU because soilborne and widespread in production areas.
Considering the numerous bibliographic references that highlight the importance of plants for planting as an important pathway, and the existence of measures that can reduce the role of the others reported pathways, host plants for planting with roots, with or without soil or growing media, are considered as a main pathway.

Yes

In pome fruits, 25 to 150 individuals/100 cm3 soil of Pratylenchus spp. are considered damaging but can vary depending on soil texture (Anonymous, 1998). Apple rootstocks seem to be a better host for Pratylenchus penetrans than pear and quince rootstocks, which showed a moderate resistance (Söğüt et al., 2013). Cydonia oblonga mentioned as one of the main hosts (Plantwise). The pathogenicity of Pratylenchus penetrans on stone and pome fruit trees has been amply demonstrated by experimental evidence and field observations (e.g. Mai and Parker, 1967; Townshed, 1990).

In Pyrus, an initial population of 30/100 g soil is necessary for growth reduction; and P. penetrans is involved in pear replant problems in the USA and Canada (Nyczepir and Halbrendt 1993). In pots, seedlings grown for 12 weeks in steam-fumigated orchard soil with a history of replant disease containing a mixed population of 50 P. penetrans and P. projectus/100 g did not weight significantly more and were not significantly taller than seedlings grown in non-treated soil (Mai and Abawi 1978; from Merrifield, 2000).

Apples tend to be more sensitive to root lesion nematode damage than are pears, but other factors are also involved, since, pears are e.g. more often planted on heavier soils than are apples, which provides some protection since root lesion nematodes are more damaging in lighter soils (Abawi & Mai , 2014).

In the responses to the questionnaire, FR supported deregulation in the EU, commenting that the pest had a 'low nuisance level on fruit plants'.

Medium to Major

No

Candidate

The economic impact of this pathogen on Pyrus is widely demonstrated, as well as the potential impacts on other hosts (Prunus, Malus).
The damage caused by Pratylenchus is usually most severe in light-textured soils that are low in nutrients (e.g. nitrogen, potassium, or calcium) and in organic matter (Anonymous, 1999).

Candidate

Crop rotation is difficult because of the wide host range of Pratylenchus penetrans, including weeds. Pratylenchus penetrans can propagate well on many crops, sometimes without causing damage (symptomless) (aaltjesschema). Recent research indicated that with proper choice of selected cultivars of cover crops, P. penetrans can be controlled but further breeding efforts are needed. Although some cover crops can reduce the population of Pratylenchus penetrans (Taning et al., 2023). Since many weeds can also be a host, adequate weed control is important (Aaltjesschema, 2019). Crop rotation is also a limited option since woody crops remain in soil for decades and the host-range of many of this of the plant parasitic nematodes is wide (Castillo y Vovlas, 2007).

Growing Tagetes spp. (e.g. Tagetes patula) can reduce the population considerably (Evenhuis et al., 2004). The authors predicted that strawberries could be grown for about 7 successive years without economic damage due to the root lesion nematode. Pudasaini et al. (2006) showed that Tagetes can reduce P. penetrans exponentially in time under marigold. The effect of marigold was persistent as no increase in P. penetrans densities over the whole soil profile was noticed after two crop cycles of host plants.

Use of clean soil: The propagation material is kept either in containers of sterilized growing medium or in soil that has been tested and found free from various nematodes (e.g. EPPO 2022).

Soil fumigation: dependent on legislation. Preplant soil fumigation does not eradicate nematodes but dramatically reduces nematode numbers. The nematodes return to their original population density (or greater) within 2 or 3 years after planting, but the absence of nematode pressure during the initial years of establishment is critical for trees to develop strong, healthy root systems (Abawi & Mai, 2014). With the progressive phase-out of chemical nematicides such as Aldicarb, Carbofuran, and 1,3-Dichloropropene, the effectiveness and sustainability of current plant-parasitic nematode management strategies remain limited (Barbosa et al., 2022).

Healthy plants: To prevent the introduction of nematode problems, new orchards should be established with trees obtained from reputable nurseries that treat their soils for nematodes (Abawi & Mai, 2014).

Candidate