| Legend |
|---|
| Justification for qualification based on EPPO PM 4 Standards |
| Justification for disqualification |
| Additional or non-conclusive information |
| Standard text |
NAME OF THE ORGANISM: Candidatus Phytoplasma pruni (PHYPPN)
GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE PEST
Name as submitted in the project specification (if different):
Pest category:
Bacteria
1- Identity of the pest/Level of taxonomic listing:
Is the organism clearly a single taxonomic entity and can it be adequately distinguished from other entities of the same rank?
Yes
Is the pest defined at the species level or lower?:
Yes
Can listing of the pest at a taxonomic level higher than species be supported by scientific reasons or can species be identified within the taxonomic rank which are the (main) pests of concern?
- Not relevant: Fruits (including hops) sector
If necessary, please list the species:
-
Is it justified that the pest is listed at a taxonomic rank below species level?
Not relevant
Conclusion:
- Candidate: Fruits (including hops) sector
Justification (if necessary):
Remark for strawberry: Instead of listing 'stolbur' as strawberry lethal decline, and the Strawberry green petal phytoplasmas, the Fruit SEWG proposed during the RNQP Project part 1 to discard all names of phytoplasma listed in the EU Marketing Directive and to add all phytoplasma species reported from naturally infected strawberry plants. This consisted in the listing of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’ [aster yellows phytoplasma], ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pruni’, ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’, ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense’, ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma fragariae’ and the clover phyllody phytoplasma (16Srl-C). All these phytoplasma are associated with leaf yellowing symptoms, but just some of them are responsible for green petal symptoms (this includes the clover phyllody phytoplasma (16Srl-C) and ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense’).
In the RNQP Project Part 2, it is also recommended to list the Clover phyllody phytoplasma as 'Candidatus Phytoplasma tritici'.
Remark for Vaccinium: Instead of listing blueberry witches' broom phytoplasma, during the RNQP Project part 1, the Fruit SEWG proposed to discard all names of phytoplasma listed in the EU Marketing Directive and to add all phytoplasma species reported from naturally infected Vaccinium plants [‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pruni’, ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’ (blueberry stunt phytoplasma), ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’ (blueberry Reddening disease), and the Cranberry false blossom phytoplasma]. ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’ was listed in the revised Marketing Directive.
In the RNQP Project part 2, although a specific assessment of the RNQP status is made for cranberry false blossom phytoplasma, it is also addressed under ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pruni’ / ‘Ca. P. pruni’-related strains.
In responses to the questionnaire, AT suggested 'to merge all 'Ca. Phytoplasma' species infecting Fragaria and Vaccinium into one category (no differentiation of symptoms, testing using universal phytoplasma tests).
However, phytoplasmas have very different ways of spreading and biology. It is considered that listing individual species would not prevent measures to be based on symptoms. Testing with universal primers is also possible if all the phytoplasmas of Fragaria/Vaccinium are listed.
Phytoplasma taxonomy was updated. In the EPPO GD ‘Ca. P. pruni’ is described as X-disease 16SrIII-A (X-disease of Prunus). Other subgroups within the X-disease group 16Sr-III are now referred to as Ca. P. pruni or Ca. P. pruni related-strains, but this will also be dependent on sequence information. Legislation is based on IRPCM (2004), which among others bases the 'Candidatus' species identification on a 1200 bp amplicon. New guidelines for species were published by Bertaccini et al. (2022) which now base the 'Candidatus' species identification on a 1500 bp amplicon. Here information on the various phytoplasmas of the X-disease group: ‘Ca. P. pruni’ and ‘Ca. P. pruni’-related strains are collected, indicating the various groups as much as possible. However, the assessment focuses on 'Candidatus Phytoplasma pruni'.
In the RNQP Project Part 2, it is also recommended to list the Clover phyllody phytoplasma as 'Candidatus Phytoplasma tritici'.
Remark for Vaccinium: Instead of listing blueberry witches' broom phytoplasma, during the RNQP Project part 1, the Fruit SEWG proposed to discard all names of phytoplasma listed in the EU Marketing Directive and to add all phytoplasma species reported from naturally infected Vaccinium plants [‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pruni’, ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’ (blueberry stunt phytoplasma), ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’ (blueberry Reddening disease), and the Cranberry false blossom phytoplasma]. ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’ was listed in the revised Marketing Directive.
In the RNQP Project part 2, although a specific assessment of the RNQP status is made for cranberry false blossom phytoplasma, it is also addressed under ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pruni’ / ‘Ca. P. pruni’-related strains.
In responses to the questionnaire, AT suggested 'to merge all 'Ca. Phytoplasma' species infecting Fragaria and Vaccinium into one category (no differentiation of symptoms, testing using universal phytoplasma tests).
However, phytoplasmas have very different ways of spreading and biology. It is considered that listing individual species would not prevent measures to be based on symptoms. Testing with universal primers is also possible if all the phytoplasmas of Fragaria/Vaccinium are listed.
Phytoplasma taxonomy was updated. In the EPPO GD ‘Ca. P. pruni’ is described as X-disease 16SrIII-A (X-disease of Prunus). Other subgroups within the X-disease group 16Sr-III are now referred to as Ca. P. pruni or Ca. P. pruni related-strains, but this will also be dependent on sequence information. Legislation is based on IRPCM (2004), which among others bases the 'Candidatus' species identification on a 1200 bp amplicon. New guidelines for species were published by Bertaccini et al. (2022) which now base the 'Candidatus' species identification on a 1500 bp amplicon. Here information on the various phytoplasmas of the X-disease group: ‘Ca. P. pruni’ and ‘Ca. P. pruni’-related strains are collected, indicating the various groups as much as possible. However, the assessment focuses on 'Candidatus Phytoplasma pruni'.
2 – Status in the EU:
Is this pest already a quarantine pest for the whole EU?
No
Presence in the EU:
Yes
List of countries (EPPO Global Database):
-
Conclusion:
Candidate
Justification (if necessary):
‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pruni’ (related-strains) have been reported from Germany (Siller et al., 1986; Lorenz et al., 1986; Seemüller et al., 1994, Christensen et al., 2004, IPWG, 2023), Lithuania (Valiunas et al., 2004), Italy (Firrao et al., 1996, IPWG, 2023).
However, if considering 'Candidatus Phytoplasma pruni' 16SrIII-A subgroup, it is not reported from Europe (remark: reported once from cherry in Italy (Landi et al., 2007), eradication measures were performed, considered eradicated).
Cranberry false blossom disease (16SrIII-Y USA, Canada, Lee et al., 2014) also belongs to the ‘Ca. Phytoplasma pruni’ group & related strains. However, it has not been reported from the EU yet.
‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pruni’ reference strain / related strains reported in Europe:
- Italy (Marcone et al., 2014) Prunus
16SrIII-B Clover yellow edge virus – various plant species
- Italy (Firrao et al., 1996; IPWG, 2023)
16SrIII-F European blueberry stunt disease
- Germany (Siller et al., 1986; Lorenz et al., 1986; Seemüller et al., 1994)
- Lithuania (Valiunas et al., 2004)
16SrIII-H poinsettia
- Germany (Christensen et al., 2004)
- Worldwide (Lee et al., 1998)
However, if considering 'Candidatus Phytoplasma pruni' 16SrIII-A subgroup, it is not reported from Europe (remark: reported once from cherry in Italy (Landi et al., 2007), eradication measures were performed, considered eradicated).
Cranberry false blossom disease (16SrIII-Y USA, Canada, Lee et al., 2014) also belongs to the ‘Ca. Phytoplasma pruni’ group & related strains. However, it has not been reported from the EU yet.
‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pruni’ reference strain / related strains reported in Europe:
- Italy (Marcone et al., 2014) Prunus
16SrIII-B Clover yellow edge virus – various plant species
- Italy (Firrao et al., 1996; IPWG, 2023)
16SrIII-F European blueberry stunt disease
- Germany (Siller et al., 1986; Lorenz et al., 1986; Seemüller et al., 1994)
- Lithuania (Valiunas et al., 2004)
16SrIII-H poinsettia
- Germany (Christensen et al., 2004)
- Worldwide (Lee et al., 1998)
HOST PLANT N°1: Fragaria (1FRAG) for the Fruits (including hops) sector.
Origin of the listing:
Commission Implementing Directive (EU) 2014/98/EU and Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072
Plants for planting:
Plants intended for planting
3 - Is the pest already listed in a PM4 standard on the concerned host plant?
No
Conclusion:
Evaluation continues
Justification (if necessary):
EPPO Standard PM 4/11 Certification scheme for strawberry recommends testing for 'Strawberry green petal phytoplasma', 'lethal decline', 'Aster yellows phytoplasma', 'Phytoplasma yellows' etc. When responding to the questionnaire, NL, PL and SI supported deregulation in the EU. NL and PL considered that plants for planting was not the main pathway. NL added that economic impact was considered acceptable since Fragaria was not 'a main host'. SI considered that the pest was not present in the EU. Later, CZ supported deregulation (the pest is rare. Material mainly propagated in-vitro). Evaluation continues.
4 - Are the listed plants for planting the main* pathway for the "pest/host/intended use" combination? (*: significant compared to others):
No
Conclusion:
Not candidate
Justification:
Ca. P. pruni & related strains have a wide host range. It has been reported from Prunus spp. in which it is known as peach-X disease, but also peach yellows and peach rosette belong to the Ca. P. pruni group (16SrIII Western-X disease group) (EFSA, 2020). Other host plants are Vaccinium infected by Vaccinium witches’ broom in Europe (16SrIII-F) (Siller et al., 1986; Lorenz et al., 1986; Seemüller et al., 1994, Valiunas et al., 2004) and cranberry false blossom disease in the USA and Canada (16SrIII-Y) (Lee et al., 2014). In strawberry it is linked to strawberry fruit phyllody (16SrIII-K, Florida) (Jomantiene et al. 2002) and lethal redness disease (16SrIII-J/K/new; Argentina) (Fernandez et al., 2017). It can be associated with various yellows, witches’ broom and stunt diseases (Bertaccini & Duduk, 2009). However, in the beginning of the 1900’s poinsettia plants (Euphorbia pulcherrima) with a free branching form were selected, this turned out to be associated with a ‘Ca. Phytoplasma pruni’ related strain (16SrIII-H). The subtle interactions between the phytoplasma and poinsettia results in a dwarfing and moderate branching growth habit, which happens to be a train that poinsettia growers desire; technically, free-branching is a disease symptom in poinsettias (Lee, 2000)
In Germany it was found in Vaccinium myrtillus (European blueberry); Siller et al (1986) described it as widespread in Southern Germany (IPWG, 2023); it was also found in Lithuania (Valiunas et al., 2004) and similar diseases were reported from Sweden and the Netherlands, but these phytoplasmas were not further characterized.
In nature the spread of phytoplasmas is linked to leaf hoppers (for a overview see e.g. Weintraub & Beanland, 2006). In the USA cranberry false blossom phytoplasma is transmitted by the blunt-nosed leaf hopper Limotettis vaccinii (Chen, revised by Polashock, 2017).
It can also be graft-transmitted. However strawberry is mainly produced from in-vitro plants in the EPPO region.
Although ‘Ca. P. pruni’ related strains have been reported from Europe, it has not been described in strawberry.
In Germany it was found in Vaccinium myrtillus (European blueberry); Siller et al (1986) described it as widespread in Southern Germany (IPWG, 2023); it was also found in Lithuania (Valiunas et al., 2004) and similar diseases were reported from Sweden and the Netherlands, but these phytoplasmas were not further characterized.
In nature the spread of phytoplasmas is linked to leaf hoppers (for a overview see e.g. Weintraub & Beanland, 2006). In the USA cranberry false blossom phytoplasma is transmitted by the blunt-nosed leaf hopper Limotettis vaccinii (Chen, revised by Polashock, 2017).
It can also be graft-transmitted. However strawberry is mainly produced from in-vitro plants in the EPPO region.
Although ‘Ca. P. pruni’ related strains have been reported from Europe, it has not been described in strawberry.
5 - Economic impact:
Are there documented reports of any economic impact on the host?
Yes
Justification:
Although it has been linked with symptoms like strawberry fruit phyllody (16SrIII-K, FLorida; Jomantiene et al. 2002) and lethal redness disease (16SrIII-J/K/new; Argentina, Fernandez et al., 2017) it has not been described in strawberry in Europe (yet).
What is the likely economic impact of the pest irrespective of its infestation source in the absence of phytosanitary measures? (= official measures)
Is the economic impact due to the presence of the pest on the named host plant for planting, acceptable to the propagation and end user sectors concerned?
Is there unacceptable economic impact caused to other hosts (or the same host with a different intended use) produced at the same place of production due to the transfer of the pest from the named host plant for planting?
Conclusion:
Justification:
6 - Are there feasible and effective measures available to prevent the presence of the pest on the plants for planting at an incidence above a certain threshold (including zero) to avoid an unacceptable economic impact as regards the relevant host plants?
Conclusion:
Justification:
7- Is the quality of the data sufficient to recommend the pest to be listed as a RNQP?
Conclusion:
Justification:
CONCLUSION ON THE STATUS:
Disqualified: 'Ca. P. pruni' 16SrIII-A is not reported in the EU, and plants for planting are not considered to be a significant pathway for the related strains.
8 - Tolerance level:
Is there a need to change the Tolerance level:
Yes
Proposed Tolerance levels:
Delisting
9 - Risk management measures:
Is there a need to change the Risk management measure:
Yes
Proposed Risk management measure:
Delisting
REFERENCES:
- Bertacchini A & Duduk B (2009) Phytoplasma and phytoplasma diseases: a review of recent research. Phytopathology Mediterranea 48, 355-378.
- Bertaccini A, Arocha-Rosete Y, Contaldo N, Duduk B, Fiore N, Guglielmi Montano H, Kube M, Kuo CH, Martini M, Oshima K, Quaglino F, Schneider B, Wei W & Zamorano A (2022) Revision of the ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma’ species description guidelines. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 2022;72:005353, 16 pages.
- Bos L (1960) A witches broom virus disease of Vaccinium myrtillus in the Netherlands. Tijdschrift over Planteziekten 66: 259-263.
- Chen TA, Polashock, 2017. False blossom. In Compendium of blueberry, cranberry, and lingonberry diseases and pests, second edition (eds Polashock JJ, Caruso FL, Averill AL & Schilder AC). American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
- Christensen NM, Nicolaisen M, Hansen M & Schulz A (2004) Distribution of phytoplasmas in infected plants as revealed by real-time PCR and bioimaging. MPMI 17(11), 1175–1184.
- EFSA (2020) Pest categorisation of the non-EU phytoplasmas of Cydonia Mill., Fragaria L., Malus Mill., Prunus L., Pyrus L., Ribes L., Rubus L. and Vitis L. EFSA Journal 18(1):5929.
- Fernandez FD, Meneguzzi NG & Conci LR (2017) Identification of three novel subgroups within the X-disease group Phytoplasma associated with strawberry redness disease. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 67(3), 753-758.
- Firrao G, Carraro L, Gobbi E & Locci R (1996). Molecular characterization of a phytoplasma causing Phyllody in Clover and other herbaceous hosts in Northern Italy. European Journal of Plant Pathology 102, 817–822. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01877050
- IPWG (2023) Phytoplasma collection. https://www.ipwgnet.org/collection
- IRPCM (2004) ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma’, a Taxon for the Wall-Less, Non-Helical Prokaryotes that Colonise Plant Phloem and Insects. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 54, 1243-1255.
- Landi F, Prandini A, Paltrinieri S, Mori N & Bertaccini A (2007) Detection of different types of phytoplasmas in stone fruit orchards in Northern Italy. Bulletin of Insectology 60, 163-164.
- Lee IM (2000) Phytoplasma casts a magic spell that turns the fair poinsettia into a Christmas showpiece. Online. Plant Health Progress doi:10.1094/PHP-2000-0914-01-RV.
- Lee IM, Gundersen-Rindal DE & Bertaccini A (1998) Phytoplasma: Ecology and genomic diversity. Phytopathology 88:1359-1366.
- Lee IM, Polashock J, Bottner-Parker KD, Bagadia PG, Rodriguez-Saona C, Zhao Y & Davis RE (2014) New subgroup 16SrIII-Y phytoplasmas associated with false-blossom diseased cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) plants and with known and potential insect vectors in New Jersey. European Journal of Plant Pathology 139, 399–406. DOI 10.1007/s10658-014-0396-7.
- Lorenz KH, Dosba F, Poggi-Pollini C, Llácer G & Seemüller E (1994) Phytoplasma diseases of Prunus species in Europe are caused by genetically similar organisms Phytoplasma. Zeitschrift für Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz 101 (6), 567-575.
- Marcone C, Guerra LJ & Uyemoto JK (2014) Phytoplasmal diseases of peach and associated phytoplasma taxa. Journal of Plant Pathology 96(1), 15-28.
- Seemüller E, Schneider B, Maurer R, Ahrens U, Daire X, Kison H, Lorenz KH, Firra G, Avinent L, Sears BB & Stackebrandt E (1994) Phylogenetic classification of phytopathogenic mollicutes by sequence analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 44(3), 440-446.
- Siller W, Lederer W & Seemüller E (1986) Ursache und Verbreitung der Hexenbesenkrankheit der Heidelbeere ( Vaccinium myrtillus L.) in Waldgebieten Süddeutschlands. Nachrichtenblatt des Deutschen Pflanzenschutzdienstes 38 (1), S. 1-5.
- Tomenius K & Ahman G (1983) Mycoplasmalike organisms in the phloem of little leaf diseased plants of Vacinium vitus- idaea and V. myrtillus in Sweden. Swedish Journal of Agri- cultural Research 13, 205-209.
- Valiunas D, Alminaite A, Jomantiene R, Davis RE & Maas JL (2004) Possible cause of European blueberry disease is related to North American milkweed yellows phytoplasma. Journal of Plant Pathology 86(2):135-140.
HOST PLANT N°2: Vaccinium (1VACG) for the Fruits (including hops) sector.
Origin of the listing:
Commission Implementing Directive (EU) 2014/98/EU and Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072
Plants for planting:
Plants intended for planting
3 - Is the pest already listed in a PM4 standard on the concerned host plant?
No
Conclusion:
Evaluation continues
Justification (if necessary):
Remark: When responding to the questionnaire, NL, PL and SI supported deregulation in the EU. NL and PL considered that plants for planting was not the main pathway. NL added that economic impact was considered acceptable since Vaccinium was not 'a main host'. SI considered that the pest was not present in the EU. Later, CZ supported deregulation (the pest is rare. Material mainly propagated in-vitro). Evaluation continues.
4 - Are the listed plants for planting the main* pathway for the "pest/host/intended use" combination? (*: significant compared to others):
No
Conclusion:
Not candidate
Justification:
‘Ca. P. pruni’ & related strains have a wide host range. It has been reported from Prunus spp. in which it is known as peach-X disease or western-X disease , but also peach yellows and peach rosette belong to the Ca. P. pruni group (16SrIII X-disease group) (EFSA, 2020). Other host plants are Vaccinium associated with Vaccinium witches’ broom in Europe (16SrIII-F; Siller et al., 1986; Lorenz et al., 1986; Seemüller et al., 1994, Valiunas et al., 2004) and cranberry false blossom disease in the USA (16SrIII-Y USA, Canada, Lee et al., 2014). In strawberry it is linked to strawberry fruit phyllody (16SrIII-K, FLorida; Jomantiene et al. 2002) and lethal redness disease (16SrIII-J/K/new; Argentina, Fernandez et al., 2017). It can be assocoated with various yellows, witches’ broom and stunt diseases (Bertaccini & Dudek, 2009). However, in the beginning of the 1900’s poinsettia plants (Euphorbia pulcherrima) with a free branching form were selected, this turned out to be caused by phytoplasma, belonging to ‘Ca. P. pruni’ related strain (16SrIII-H). The subtle interactions between the phytoplasma and poinsettia results in a dwarfing and moderate branching growth habit, which happens to be a trait that poinsettia growers desire; technically, free-branching is a disease symptom in poinsettias (Lee, 2000).
In Germany it was found in Vaccinium myrtillus (European blueberry); Siller et al (1986) described it as widespread in Southern Germany (16SrIII-F, IPWG, 2023). It was also found in Lithuania (Valiunas et al., 2004) and similar diseases were reported from Sweden and the Netherlands (Bos, 1960; Tomenius & Ahman, 1983), but the technique for further characterized was not yet available. The observed spread in Lithuania in wild V. myrtillus indicated a local vector (Valiunas et al., 2004). In nature the spread of phytoplasma is linked to leaf hoppers, for a overview see e.g. Weintraub & Beanland (2006). In the USA cranberry false blossom phytoplasma is transmitted by the blunt-nosed leaf hopper Limotettis vaccinii, which is present in the environment (Chen, revised by Polashock, 2017).
The phytoplasma can also be graft-transmitted in e.g. Prunus spp.
Vaccinium is mainly produced from in-vitro plants in the EPPO region.
The Fruit SEWG considered that, if considering 'Ca. P. pruni' related strains which are present in the EU, plants for planting should not be considered as a significant pathway.
In Germany it was found in Vaccinium myrtillus (European blueberry); Siller et al (1986) described it as widespread in Southern Germany (16SrIII-F, IPWG, 2023). It was also found in Lithuania (Valiunas et al., 2004) and similar diseases were reported from Sweden and the Netherlands (Bos, 1960; Tomenius & Ahman, 1983), but the technique for further characterized was not yet available. The observed spread in Lithuania in wild V. myrtillus indicated a local vector (Valiunas et al., 2004). In nature the spread of phytoplasma is linked to leaf hoppers, for a overview see e.g. Weintraub & Beanland (2006). In the USA cranberry false blossom phytoplasma is transmitted by the blunt-nosed leaf hopper Limotettis vaccinii, which is present in the environment (Chen, revised by Polashock, 2017).
The phytoplasma can also be graft-transmitted in e.g. Prunus spp.
Vaccinium is mainly produced from in-vitro plants in the EPPO region.
The Fruit SEWG considered that, if considering 'Ca. P. pruni' related strains which are present in the EU, plants for planting should not be considered as a significant pathway.
5 - Economic impact:
Are there documented reports of any economic impact on the host?
Yes
Justification:
Cranberry false blossom disease in the USA (16SrIII-Y), infected plants of American cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) exhibit abnormal floral structure including enlarges calix, shortened, discolored and streaked petals. In the first half o the 20th century the prevalence of cranberry false-blossom disease and an abondance of the vector (Limotettix vacinii) that transmitted the disease became a threat for the cranberry industry in the USA. Through collective efforts, varieties resistant to false-blossom disease were developed and reduced false blossom to an insignificant factor. However there appears to be a resurgence of the disease (Lee et al., 2014; Chen revised by Polashock, 2017)
Blueberry witches’ broom (16SrIII-F) in European blueberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) exhibited symptoms of chlorosis, little leaf and shoot proliferation (Valiunas et al., 2004), but there are no data on impact.
Blueberry witches’ broom (16SrIII-F) in European blueberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) exhibited symptoms of chlorosis, little leaf and shoot proliferation (Valiunas et al., 2004), but there are no data on impact.
What is the likely economic impact of the pest irrespective of its infestation source in the absence of phytosanitary measures? (= official measures)
Is the economic impact due to the presence of the pest on the named host plant for planting, acceptable to the propagation and end user sectors concerned?
Is there unacceptable economic impact caused to other hosts (or the same host with a different intended use) produced at the same place of production due to the transfer of the pest from the named host plant for planting?
Conclusion:
Justification:
6 - Are there feasible and effective measures available to prevent the presence of the pest on the plants for planting at an incidence above a certain threshold (including zero) to avoid an unacceptable economic impact as regards the relevant host plants?
Conclusion:
Justification:
7- Is the quality of the data sufficient to recommend the pest to be listed as a RNQP?
Conclusion:
Justification:
CONCLUSION ON THE STATUS:
Disqualified: plants for planting is not considered as a significant pathway (Vaccinium mainly produced from in-vitro plants)
8 - Tolerance level:
Is there a need to change the Tolerance level:
Yes
Proposed Tolerance levels:
Delisting
9 - Risk management measures:
Is there a need to change the Risk management measure:
Yes
Proposed Risk management measure:
Delisting
REFERENCES:
- Bertacchini A & Duduk B (2009) Phytoplasma and phytoplasma diseases: a review of recent research. Phytopathology Mediterranea 48, 355-378.
- Bertaccini A, Arocha-Rosete Y, Contaldo N, Duduk B, Fiore N, Guglielmi Montano H, Kube M, Kuo CH, Martini M, Oshima K, Quaglino F, Schneider B, Wei W & Zamorano A (2022) Revision of the ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma’ species description guidelines. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 2022;72:005353, 16 pages.
- Bos L (1960) A witches broom virus disease of Vaccinium myrtillus in the Netherlands. Tijdschrift over Planteziekten 66: 259-263.
- Chen TA, Polashock, 2017. False blossom. In Compendium of blueberry, cranberry, and lingonberry diseases and pests, second edition (eds Polashock JJ, Caruso FL, Averill AL & Schilder AC). American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
- Christensen NM, Nicolaisen M, Hansen M & Schulz A (2004) Distribution of phytoplasmas in infected plants as revealed by real-time PCR and bioimaging. MPMI 17(11), 1175–1184.
- EFSA (2020) Pest categorisation of the non-EU phytoplasmas of Cydonia Mill., Fragaria L., Malus Mill., Prunus L., Pyrus L., Ribes L., Rubus L. and Vitis L. EFSA Journal 18(1):5929.
- Fernandez FD, Meneguzzi NG & Conci LR (2017) Identification of three novel subgroups within the X-disease group Phytoplasma associated with strawberry redness disease. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 67(3), 753-758.
- Firrao G, Carraro L, Gobbi E & Locci R (1996). Molecular characterization of a phytoplasma causing Phyllody in Clover and other herbaceous hosts in Northern Italy. European Journal of Plant Pathology 102, 817–822. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01877050
- IPWG (2023) Phytoplasma collection, University of Bologna, Italy. https://www.ipwgnet.org/collection
- IRPCM (2004) ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma’, a Taxon for the Wall-Less, Non-Helical Prokaryotes that Colonise Plant Phloem and Insects. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 54, 1243-1255.
- Landi F, Prandini A, Paltrinieri S, Mori N & Bertaccini A (2007) Detection of different types of phytoplasmas in stone fruit orchards in Northern Italy. Bulletin of Insectology 60, 163-164.
- Lee IM (2000) Phytoplasma casts a magic spell that turns the fair poinsettia into a Christmas showpiece. Online. Plant Health Progress doi:10.1094/PHP-2000-0914-01-RV.
- Lee IM, Gundersen-Rindal DE & Bertaccini A (1998) Phytoplasma: Ecology and genomic diversity. Phytopathology 88:1359-1366.
- Lee IM, Polashock J, Bottner-Parker KD, Bagadia PG, Rodriguez-Saona C, Zhao Y & Davis RE (2014) New subgroup 16SrIII-Y phytoplasmas associated with false-blossom diseased cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) plants and with known and potential insect vectors in New Jersey. European Journal of Plant Pathology 139, 399–406. DOI 10.1007/s10658-014-0396-7.
- Lorenz KH, Dosba F, Poggi-Pollini C, Llácer G & Seemüller E (1994) Phytoplasma diseases of Prunus species in Europe are caused by genetically similar organisms Phytoplasma. Zeitschrift für Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz 101 (6), 567-575.
- Marcone C, Guerra LJ & Uyemoto JK (2014) Phytoplasmal diseases of peach and associated phytoplasma taxa. Journal of Plant Pathology 96(1), 15-28.
- Seemüller E, Schneider B, Maurer R, Ahrens U, Daire X, Kison H, Lorenz KH, Firra G, Avinent L, Sears BB & Stackebrandt E (1994) Phylogenetic classification of phytopathogenic mollicutes by sequence analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 44(3), 440-446.
- Siller W, Lederer W & Seemüller E (1986) Ursache und Verbreitung der Hexenbesenkrankheit der Heidelbeere ( Vaccinium myrtillus L.) in Waldgebieten Süddeutschlands. Nachrichtenblatt des Deutschen Pflanzenschutzdienstes 38 (1), S. 1-5.
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