| Legend |
|---|
| Justification for qualification based on EPPO PM 4 Standards |
| Justification for disqualification |
| Additional or non-conclusive information |
| Standard text |
NAME OF THE ORGANISM: Pratylenchus vulnus (PRATVU)
GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE PEST
Name as submitted in the project specification (if different):
Pest category:
Nematoda
1- Identity of the pest/Level of taxonomic listing:
Is the organism clearly a single taxonomic entity and can it be adequately distinguished from other entities of the same rank?
Yes
Is the pest defined at the species level or lower?:
Yes
Can listing of the pest at a taxonomic level higher than species be supported by scientific reasons or can species be identified within the taxonomic rank which are the (main) pests of concern?
- Not relevant: Fruits (including hops) sector
If necessary, please list the species:
-
Is it justified that the pest is listed at a taxonomic rank below species level?
Not relevant
Conclusion:
- Candidate: Fruits (including hops) sector
Justification (if necessary):
Remarks:
- Fortunella is considered to be a synonym of Citrus by some authors. Using SSRs markers, Fortunella clusters within the genus Citrus (Barkley et al., 2006). These should be considered the same genus.
- Poncirus is considered to be a synonym of Citrus by some authors, and is categorized as such in EPPO GD. However, when using SSRs markers, Poncirus is a sister genus to Citrus (Barkley et al., 2006). In addition, one chromosomal marker can be used to distinguish Poncirus from Citrus species (Brasileiro Vidal et al., 2007). Whether to consider these as synonym or not is still a matter of debate.
- Fortunella is considered to be a synonym of Citrus by some authors. Using SSRs markers, Fortunella clusters within the genus Citrus (Barkley et al., 2006). These should be considered the same genus.
- Poncirus is considered to be a synonym of Citrus by some authors, and is categorized as such in EPPO GD. However, when using SSRs markers, Poncirus is a sister genus to Citrus (Barkley et al., 2006). In addition, one chromosomal marker can be used to distinguish Poncirus from Citrus species (Brasileiro Vidal et al., 2007). Whether to consider these as synonym or not is still a matter of debate.
2 – Status in the EU:
Is this pest already a quarantine pest for the whole EU?
No
Presence in the EU:
Yes
List of countries (EPPO Global Database):
Belgium (2002); Bulgaria (2002); Denmark (2002); Finland (2011); France (2002); Germany (2002); Greece (2002); Italy (2002); Netherlands (2002); Spain (2002)
Conclusion:
Candidate
Justification (if necessary):
Pratylenchus vulnus is present mostly on woody plants in warmer (subtropical and Mediterranean) climates in different continents (Moens & Perry, 2009). Data of the presence of this pest on the EU territory are available in EPPO Global Database (https://gd.eppo.int/).
HOST PLANT N°1: Pistacia vera (PIAVE) for the Fruits (including hops) sector.
Origin of the listing:
Commission Implementing Directive (EU) 2014/98/EU and Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072
Plants for planting:
Plants intended for planting
3 - Is the pest already listed in a PM4 standard on the concerned host plant?
No
Conclusion:
Evaluation continues
4 - Are the listed plants for planting the main* pathway for the "pest/host/intended use" combination? (*: significant compared to others):
Yes
Conclusion:
Candidate
Justification:
Pratylenchus vulnus had a more limited host range compared to P. penetrans (PlantwisePlus Knowledge Bank 2023; aaltjesschema, 2019). It has been reported on e.g. Pistacia vera (Pinochet et al., 1992), Malus and Pyrus (Fernandez et al., 1992), Cydonia (Calvet et al., 1995), Ficus carica (Plantwise Knowledge Bank, 2023). Prunus species are important hosts of Pratylenchus vulnus (Plantwise Knowledge Bank, 2023), e.g. Prunus armeniaca (Askary et al., 2012), Prunus domestica (CABI, 2021), Prunus persica (Simeone, 1993), Prunus dulcis (UC-IPM, 2019). Pratylenchus vulnus has also been reported from Fragaria, but mainly from Asia (Mohotti et al, 1997, Ko et al., 2017; Wakibe H, Ito F & Higashizima), Australia (Colbran, 1974) and Uruguay (Minagawa & Maeso-Tozzi, 1990).
Pratylenchus spp. are migratory endoparasites that enter the host root for feeding and reproduction and move freely within the tissue. Consequently, they spend much of their life cycle in roots and are found in soil when the host plants are senescing, stressed or diseased, or when their hosts have been ploughed up after harvest (Castillo and Vovlas, 2007).
The transport of infected plants or those growing in infested soils is one of the principal means by which these nematodes are disseminated (Lehman, 1994; Anonymous, 1999). Bare-rooted plants are often contaminated by soil particles which may contain nematodes. Roots can host endoparasitic nematodes that are not removed by washing treatments (Lehman, 1994). In this context, it is essential that the plant propagation material be free of this pathogen (Allen, 1949).
Pratylenchus vulnus can also be spread by equipment and other human activities that can move soils from infested to non-infested sites. The nematodes can also be spread by drainage, irrigation, or flood water (Corbett, 1974). These pathogens are readily disseminated when field runoff water used in irrigation is reused in other fields (Lehman, 1994). In Spain, Pratylenchus were found in 60% of the samples from irrigation canals where they sampled (Tobar y Palacios, 1974). However, measures (including hygiene) can limit the importance of other pathways than plant for planting. In particular, according to Lehman (1994), most of the damage to fig, peach and olive crops caused by Pratylenchus vulnus could be prevented with sanitation and certification programs that produce nematode-free seedlings.
On its own, Pratylenchus species can move 1-2 m per season from an infected root.
Considering the numerous bibliographic references that highlight the importance of plants for planting as an important pathway, and the existence of measures that can reduce the role of the others reported pathways, host plants for planting with roots, with or without soil or growing media, are considered as a main pathway.
Pratylenchus spp. are migratory endoparasites that enter the host root for feeding and reproduction and move freely within the tissue. Consequently, they spend much of their life cycle in roots and are found in soil when the host plants are senescing, stressed or diseased, or when their hosts have been ploughed up after harvest (Castillo and Vovlas, 2007).
The transport of infected plants or those growing in infested soils is one of the principal means by which these nematodes are disseminated (Lehman, 1994; Anonymous, 1999). Bare-rooted plants are often contaminated by soil particles which may contain nematodes. Roots can host endoparasitic nematodes that are not removed by washing treatments (Lehman, 1994). In this context, it is essential that the plant propagation material be free of this pathogen (Allen, 1949).
Pratylenchus vulnus can also be spread by equipment and other human activities that can move soils from infested to non-infested sites. The nematodes can also be spread by drainage, irrigation, or flood water (Corbett, 1974). These pathogens are readily disseminated when field runoff water used in irrigation is reused in other fields (Lehman, 1994). In Spain, Pratylenchus were found in 60% of the samples from irrigation canals where they sampled (Tobar y Palacios, 1974). However, measures (including hygiene) can limit the importance of other pathways than plant for planting. In particular, according to Lehman (1994), most of the damage to fig, peach and olive crops caused by Pratylenchus vulnus could be prevented with sanitation and certification programs that produce nematode-free seedlings.
On its own, Pratylenchus species can move 1-2 m per season from an infected root.
Considering the numerous bibliographic references that highlight the importance of plants for planting as an important pathway, and the existence of measures that can reduce the role of the others reported pathways, host plants for planting with roots, with or without soil or growing media, are considered as a main pathway.
5 - Economic impact:
Are there documented reports of any economic impact on the host?
No
Justification:
High levels of Pratylenchus vulnus were reported from Pistacia vera in Spain, with high reproduction factors for the nematode (Pinochet et al., 1992), however without a comment on damage or yield reduction induced by the nematode feeding on pistachio.
Among the Pratylenchus species reported in the Mediterranean area causing damage on Pistacia vera, P. vulnus and P. penetrans are not included. In Spain, there is no evidence of the regular presence of P. penetrans and P. vulnus in pistachio nurseries or plantations, and if they appear, their economic impact would be minimal (Martínez E. (IRIAF), pers. comm., 2024).
Among the Pratylenchus species reported in the Mediterranean area causing damage on Pistacia vera, P. vulnus and P. penetrans are not included. In Spain, there is no evidence of the regular presence of P. penetrans and P. vulnus in pistachio nurseries or plantations, and if they appear, their economic impact would be minimal (Martínez E. (IRIAF), pers. comm., 2024).
What is the likely economic impact of the pest irrespective of its infestation source in the absence of phytosanitary measures? (= official measures)
Minimal
Is the economic impact due to the presence of the pest on the named host plant for planting, acceptable to the propagation and end user sectors concerned?
Yes
Is there unacceptable economic impact caused to other hosts (or the same host with a different intended use) produced at the same place of production due to the transfer of the pest from the named host plant for planting?
No
Conclusion:
Not candidate
Justification:
The presence of this pest is not common under EU growing conditions. When reported, its impact on the crop is considered acceptable.
6 - Are there feasible and effective measures available to prevent the presence of the pest on the plants for planting at an incidence above a certain threshold (including zero) to avoid an unacceptable economic impact as regards the relevant host plants?
Yes
Conclusion:
Justification:
The propagation material is kept either in containers of sterilized growing medium or in soil that has been tested and found free from Pratylenchus vulnus (PM4/17-3)
Propagation of rootstock on fields which are tested and found free of nematodes.
Fallowing or sowing cereals: it is advisable to leave the land selected for cultivation for 1-2 years (preferably without weeds) or to sow cereals in the season prior to the establishment of the orchard. Both practices are relatively effective in reducing nematode populations in the soil by starvation (Pinochet, 2011).
Disinfection of plant material: recommended practice for nurseries and commercial plantations. It consists of immersing the seedlings (bare root) in hot water (40 - 50ºC) for 10-30 min. It has been successfully used to disinfect cherry, peach and apple seedlings, and is applicable to most fruit species. Another alternative practice with good results is the immersion of roots in an aqueous solution with nematicide. The cost of both operations is usually high (Pinochet, 2011).
Propagation of rootstock on fields which are tested and found free of nematodes.
Fallowing or sowing cereals: it is advisable to leave the land selected for cultivation for 1-2 years (preferably without weeds) or to sow cereals in the season prior to the establishment of the orchard. Both practices are relatively effective in reducing nematode populations in the soil by starvation (Pinochet, 2011).
Disinfection of plant material: recommended practice for nurseries and commercial plantations. It consists of immersing the seedlings (bare root) in hot water (40 - 50ºC) for 10-30 min. It has been successfully used to disinfect cherry, peach and apple seedlings, and is applicable to most fruit species. Another alternative practice with good results is the immersion of roots in an aqueous solution with nematicide. The cost of both operations is usually high (Pinochet, 2011).
7- Is the quality of the data sufficient to recommend the pest to be listed as a RNQP?
Yes
Conclusion:
Justification:
CONCLUSION ON THE STATUS:
Disqualified: reports on economic impact are lacking in the EU
8 - Tolerance level:
Is there a need to change the Tolerance level:
Yes
Proposed Tolerance levels:
Delisting
9 - Risk management measures:
Is there a need to change the Risk management measure:
Yes
Proposed Risk management measure:
Delisting
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