| Legend |
|---|
| Justification for qualification based on EPPO PM 4 Standards |
| Justification for disqualification |
| Additional or non-conclusive information |
| Standard text |
NAME OF THE ORGANISM: Parabemisia myricae (PRABMY)
GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE PEST
Name as submitted in the project specification (if different):
Pest category:
Insecta
1- Identity of the pest/Level of taxonomic listing:
Is the organism clearly a single taxonomic entity and can it be adequately distinguished from other entities of the same rank?
Yes
Is the pest defined at the species level or lower?:
Yes
Can listing of the pest at a taxonomic level higher than species be supported by scientific reasons or can species be identified within the taxonomic rank which are the (main) pests of concern?
- Not relevant: Fruits (including hops) sector
If necessary, please list the species:
-
Is it justified that the pest is listed at a taxonomic rank below species level?
Not relevant
Conclusion:
- Candidate: Fruits (including hops) sector
Justification (if necessary):
Remarks:
- Fortunella is considered to be a synonym of Citrus by some authors. Using SSRs markers, Fortunella clusters within the genus Citrus (Barkley et al., 2006). These should be considered the same genus.
- Poncirus is considered to be a synonym of Citrus by some authors, and is categorized as such in EPPO GD. However, when using SSRs markers, Poncirus is a sister genus to Citrus (Barkley et al., 2006). In addition, one chromosomal marker can be used to distinguish Poncirus from Citrus species (Brasileiro Vidal et al., 2007). Whether to consider these as synonym or not is still a matter of debate.
- Fortunella is considered to be a synonym of Citrus by some authors. Using SSRs markers, Fortunella clusters within the genus Citrus (Barkley et al., 2006). These should be considered the same genus.
- Poncirus is considered to be a synonym of Citrus by some authors, and is categorized as such in EPPO GD. However, when using SSRs markers, Poncirus is a sister genus to Citrus (Barkley et al., 2006). In addition, one chromosomal marker can be used to distinguish Poncirus from Citrus species (Brasileiro Vidal et al., 2007). Whether to consider these as synonym or not is still a matter of debate.
2 – Status in the EU:
Is this pest already a quarantine pest for the whole EU?
No
Presence in the EU:
Yes
List of countries (EPPO Global Database):
Croatia (2019); Cyprus (2010); France (2010); France/Corse (2010); Greece (2010); Greece/Kriti (2000); Italy (2010); Italy/Sicilia (2010); Italy/Sardegna (2010); Portugal (2010); Spain (2012); Spain/Islas Canárias (2012)
Conclusion:
Candidate
Justification (if necessary):
Data of the presence of this pest on the EU territory are available in EPPO Global Database (https://gd.eppo.int/).
HOST PLANT N°1: Citrus (Fortunella) (1FOLG) for the Fruits (including hops) sector.
Origin of the listing:
Commission Implementing Directive (EU) 2014/98/EU and Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072
Plants for planting:
Plants intended for planting
3 - Is the pest already listed in a PM4 standard on the concerned host plant?
Yes
Conclusion:
Evaluation continues
Justification (if necessary):
Inspection for Parabemisia myricae is recommended in EPPO Standard PM 4-12 Pathogen-tested citrus trees and rootstocks. In responses to the consultation about draft recommendations for RNQP Project part 2, ES supported deregulation in the EU, considering that it has low economic impact. Evaluation continues on this criteria.
4 - Are the listed plants for planting the main* pathway for the "pest/host/intended use" combination? (*: significant compared to others):
Conclusion:
Justification:
5 - Economic impact:
Are there documented reports of any economic impact on the host?
Yes
Justification:
Feeding by P. myricae causes direct damage, and sooty moulds growing on honeydew deposits block light and air from the leaves, reducing photosynthesis and productivity (CABI, 2021).
Parabemisia myricae is widespread in Spanish citrus-growing areas (Garrido, 1995; Soto, 2019) but always appears at very low population levels and without causing damage.
Since the release and establishment of Eretmocerus debachi in Spain (García-Marí et al., 1996), very high levels of parasitism on P. myricae (often reaching 100%) have been observed (Soto, 2019).
Likewise, in other citrus-producing Member countries (Portugal, Italy and Greece) P. myricae has a potential pest status but always below the economic level of damage (Franco et al., 2006). Similarly in Israel and Türkiye, it was a serious pest until biological control was established (CABI, 2021)
Recorded from woody dicotyledonous hosts in 14 families, in the Mediterranean area avocado and citrus crops are the major hosts (Martin et al., 2000). Poncirus trifoliata is reported as host for Evans (2007) and Fortunella in the EPPO Global Database (https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/PRABMY/hosts)
Parabemisia myricae is widespread in Spanish citrus-growing areas (Garrido, 1995; Soto, 2019) but always appears at very low population levels and without causing damage.
Since the release and establishment of Eretmocerus debachi in Spain (García-Marí et al., 1996), very high levels of parasitism on P. myricae (often reaching 100%) have been observed (Soto, 2019).
Likewise, in other citrus-producing Member countries (Portugal, Italy and Greece) P. myricae has a potential pest status but always below the economic level of damage (Franco et al., 2006). Similarly in Israel and Türkiye, it was a serious pest until biological control was established (CABI, 2021)
Recorded from woody dicotyledonous hosts in 14 families, in the Mediterranean area avocado and citrus crops are the major hosts (Martin et al., 2000). Poncirus trifoliata is reported as host for Evans (2007) and Fortunella in the EPPO Global Database (https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/PRABMY/hosts)
What is the likely economic impact of the pest irrespective of its infestation source in the absence of phytosanitary measures? (= official measures)
Minor
Is the economic impact due to the presence of the pest on the named host plant for planting, acceptable to the propagation and end user sectors concerned?
Yes
Is there unacceptable economic impact caused to other hosts (or the same host with a different intended use) produced at the same place of production due to the transfer of the pest from the named host plant for planting?
No
Conclusion:
Not candidate
Justification:
Considering that there may be a time lapse between pest occurrence and parasitoid action, the Fruit SEWG rated economic impact as ‘minor’ (this pest may cause some damage). Its 'Minor' economic impact does not qualify it as RNQP.
6 - Are there feasible and effective measures available to prevent the presence of the pest on the plants for planting at an incidence above a certain threshold (including zero) to avoid an unacceptable economic impact as regards the relevant host plants?
Conclusion:
Justification:
7- Is the quality of the data sufficient to recommend the pest to be listed as a RNQP?
Conclusion:
Justification:
CONCLUSION ON THE STATUS:
Disqualified: no report of unacceptable economic impact after that biological control was established.
8 - Tolerance level:
Is there a need to change the Tolerance level:
Yes
Proposed Tolerance levels:
Delisting
9 - Risk management measures:
Is there a need to change the Risk management measure:
Yes
Proposed Risk management measure:
Delisting
REFERENCES:
- Barkley NA, Roose ML, Krueger RR & Federici CT (2006) Assessing genetic diversity and population structure in a citrus germplasm collection utilizing simple sequence repeat markers (SSRs). Theor Apple Genet. 112(8), 1519-31.
- Brasileiro-Vidal AC, Dos Santos-Serejo JA, Soares Filho Wdos S & Guerra M (2007) A simple chromosomal marker can reliably distinguishes Poncirus from Citrus species. Genética 129(3), 273-9.
- CABI (2021) Datasheet for Parabemisia myricae (bayberry whitefly). CABI Compendium 43856. Available at https://doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.438
- Evans GA (2007) The Whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) of the World and their Host Plants and Natural Enemies. USDA/Animal Plant Health Inspection Service.
- Franco JC, Garcia-Mari F, Ramos AP & Besri M (2006). Survey on the situation of citrus pest management in Mediterranean countries. IOBC wprs Bulletin 29(3), 335-346.
- Garcia-Mari F (2012) Plagas de los cítricos. Gestión Integrada en países de clima mediterráneo. M.V. Phytoma-España, S.L. 556 pp.
- Garrido A (1994) Problemas actuales de las moscas blancas en el cultivo de los cítricos (I). Phytoma 58, 48-54.
- Garrido A (1995) Moscas blancas en España en los cítricos: importancia, interacciones entre especies, problemática y estrategia de control. Phytoma 72, 41-47.
- Martin JH, Mifsud D & Rapisarda C (2000) The whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) of Europe and the Mediterranean Basin. Bulletin of Entomological Research 90, 407-448.
- Soto A (2019) Control biológico clásico como estrategia de sostenibilidad agrícola. Phytoma 310, 68-70.