| Legend |
|---|
| Justification for qualification based on EPPO PM 4 Standards |
| Justification for disqualification |
| Additional or non-conclusive information |
| Standard text |
NAME OF THE ORGANISM: Meloidogyne hapla (MELGHA)
GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE PEST
Name as submitted in the project specification (if different):
Pest category:
Nematoda
1- Identity of the pest/Level of taxonomic listing:
Is the organism clearly a single taxonomic entity and can it be adequately distinguished from other entities of the same rank?
Yes
Is the pest defined at the species level or lower?:
Yes
Can listing of the pest at a taxonomic level higher than species be supported by scientific reasons or can species be identified within the taxonomic rank which are the (main) pests of concern?
- Not relevant: Fruits (including hops) sector
If necessary, please list the species:
-
Is it justified that the pest is listed at a taxonomic rank below species level?
Not relevant
Conclusion:
- Candidate: Fruits (including hops) sector
Justification (if necessary):
-
2 – Status in the EU:
Is this pest already a quarantine pest for the whole EU?
No
Presence in the EU:
Yes
List of countries (EPPO Global Database):
-
Conclusion:
Candidate
Justification (if necessary):
Meloidogyne hapla has been reported in Belgium (Wesemael & Moens, 2012), Bulgaria (Samaliev et al., 2018), Croatia (Biondić et al., 2023), Czechia (Douda et al., 2012), Finland (Tiilikkala et al., 1988), France (Djian-Caporalino, 2012), Germany (Hallmann et al., 2007), Greece (Gonçalves et al., 2020), Hungary (Dabaj & Jenser, 1990), Italy (Roccuzzo et al., 1993), Latvia (Stalažs, 2014), Netherlands (Zijlstra, 1997), Poland (Skwiercz et al., 2019), Portugal (Rusinque et al., 2022), Romania (Boroş et al., 2015), Slovakia (Lišková et al., 2007), Slovenia (Širca et al., 2004), Spain (Talavera et al., 2019), Sweden (Tiilikkala et al., 1988).
HOST PLANT N°1: Pyrus (1PYUG) for the Fruits (including hops) sector.
Origin of the listing:
Commission Implementing Directive (EU) 2014/98/EU and Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072
Plants for planting:
Plants intended for planting
3 - Is the pest already listed in a PM4 standard on the concerned host plant?
No
Conclusion:
Evaluation continues
Justification (if necessary):
Remark: EPPO Standard PM 4-27 Pathogen-tested material of Malus, Pyrus and Cydonia recommends that nuclear stock is produced in sterilized growing medium.
4 - Are the listed plants for planting the main* pathway for the "pest/host/intended use" combination? (*: significant compared to others):
Yes
Conclusion:
Candidate
Justification:
In Europe, root-knot nematodes are increasingly important. Out of more than 90 Meloidogyne species currently described, 23 have been found on the continent. In the cooler climates, Meloidogyne hapla, M. naasi, M. chitwoodi and M. fallax are prevalent (Wesemael et al., 2011).
M. hapla is extremely polyphagous, attacking a wide variety of crops and weeds. Goodey et al. (1965) listed over 550 hosts and many more have been added since then. The species has recorded hosts in most of the higher plant families and attacks both herbaceous and woody plants. However, many grasses and cereals appear to be non-hosts. Carter (1985) provided a review of the recorded hosts (cited from CABI, 2021). Intensified national and international trade increases the risk of further spread of indigenous species or introduction of new species (Wesemael et al., 2011). M. hapla represents a severe risk to agricultural areas where it is not currently found, but as the species is virtually cosmopolitan the actual phytosanitary risk is probably low (CABI, 2021).
Juveniles of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne hapla were observed in the soil from peach, apricot, plum and apple orchards. M. hapla is the Meloidogyne species most commonly occurring in European countries. Eggs and juveniles canbe transported with soil, so anything which has soil attached is a potential pathway including agricultural equipment and containers, tools, vehicle tires, and workers clothing or boots (CABI, 2021).
M. hapla is limited to sandy soils and to dicotyls. Populations of M. hapla can increase dramatically when potato, chicory and legumes are grown. Populations will decrease when non hosts are included in the crop rotation scheme, like grasses of fields are laid fallow (Aaltjesschema, 2019).
Meloidogyne spp. are not transmitted with seeds (in Wesemael et al., 2011).
M. hapla is extremely polyphagous, attacking a wide variety of crops and weeds. Goodey et al. (1965) listed over 550 hosts and many more have been added since then. The species has recorded hosts in most of the higher plant families and attacks both herbaceous and woody plants. However, many grasses and cereals appear to be non-hosts. Carter (1985) provided a review of the recorded hosts (cited from CABI, 2021). Intensified national and international trade increases the risk of further spread of indigenous species or introduction of new species (Wesemael et al., 2011). M. hapla represents a severe risk to agricultural areas where it is not currently found, but as the species is virtually cosmopolitan the actual phytosanitary risk is probably low (CABI, 2021).
Juveniles of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne hapla were observed in the soil from peach, apricot, plum and apple orchards. M. hapla is the Meloidogyne species most commonly occurring in European countries. Eggs and juveniles canbe transported with soil, so anything which has soil attached is a potential pathway including agricultural equipment and containers, tools, vehicle tires, and workers clothing or boots (CABI, 2021).
M. hapla is limited to sandy soils and to dicotyls. Populations of M. hapla can increase dramatically when potato, chicory and legumes are grown. Populations will decrease when non hosts are included in the crop rotation scheme, like grasses of fields are laid fallow (Aaltjesschema, 2019).
Meloidogyne spp. are not transmitted with seeds (in Wesemael et al., 2011).
5 - Economic impact:
Are there documented reports of any economic impact on the host?
No
Justification:
No detailed reports on impact on Pyrus.
Although Meloidogyne is considered worldwide as the most important genus of plant-parasitic nematodes, information in the scientific literature on the economic impact of root-knot nematodes in Europe is scarce (Wesemael et al., 2011).
Although Meloidogyne is considered worldwide as the most important genus of plant-parasitic nematodes, information in the scientific literature on the economic impact of root-knot nematodes in Europe is scarce (Wesemael et al., 2011).
What is the likely economic impact of the pest irrespective of its infestation source in the absence of phytosanitary measures? (= official measures)
Is the economic impact due to the presence of the pest on the named host plant for planting, acceptable to the propagation and end user sectors concerned?
Is there unacceptable economic impact caused to other hosts (or the same host with a different intended use) produced at the same place of production due to the transfer of the pest from the named host plant for planting?
Conclusion:
Not candidate
Justification:
6 - Are there feasible and effective measures available to prevent the presence of the pest on the plants for planting at an incidence above a certain threshold (including zero) to avoid an unacceptable economic impact as regards the relevant host plants?
Yes
Conclusion:
Candidate
Justification:
Preventive soil sampling can help in making decisions on crop rotations. While in the past in The Netherlands 7% of the vegetables harvested for the canning industry was rejected due to damage caused by root-knot nematodes due to preventive soil sampling the rejection was reduced to only 1.5% in 2003 (Molendijk, The Netherlands, in Wesemael et al., 2011).
Crop rotation: In crop rotations, susceptible crops are rotated with non-host, immune or resistant crops. Possible crop rotations for the control of root-knot nematodes are limited due to the wide host range of several important species. Grasses have been effective in reducing populations of M. arenaria, M. hapla, M. incognita and M. javanica (Netscher & Taylor, 1979). Barley or Sudan grass can be used in rotations to reduce M. hapla infections (Bélair, 1996; Viaene & Abawi, 1998). Growing marigold (Tagetes spp.) was successful in reducing populations of Meloidogyne species, both in glasshouse and field conditions (Ploeg, 1999; Ljani et al., 2000; Wesemael & Moens, 2008b). This effect can be attributed to its status as nonhost.
Adjusting crop rotation scheme before planting an orchard will bring the population down: after cultivation of a non-host for one season or letting the field lie fallow, the M. hapla population might decrease with 95% (Anonymous, 2019).
Crop rotation: In crop rotations, susceptible crops are rotated with non-host, immune or resistant crops. Possible crop rotations for the control of root-knot nematodes are limited due to the wide host range of several important species. Grasses have been effective in reducing populations of M. arenaria, M. hapla, M. incognita and M. javanica (Netscher & Taylor, 1979). Barley or Sudan grass can be used in rotations to reduce M. hapla infections (Bélair, 1996; Viaene & Abawi, 1998). Growing marigold (Tagetes spp.) was successful in reducing populations of Meloidogyne species, both in glasshouse and field conditions (Ploeg, 1999; Ljani et al., 2000; Wesemael & Moens, 2008b). This effect can be attributed to its status as nonhost.
Adjusting crop rotation scheme before planting an orchard will bring the population down: after cultivation of a non-host for one season or letting the field lie fallow, the M. hapla population might decrease with 95% (Anonymous, 2019).
7- Is the quality of the data sufficient to recommend the pest to be listed as a RNQP?
Conclusion:
Justification:
CONCLUSION ON THE STATUS:
Disqualified: there are no evidence of economic impact in the EU on this host plant.
8 - Tolerance level:
Is there a need to change the Tolerance level:
Yes
Proposed Tolerance levels:
Delisting
9 - Risk management measures:
Is there a need to change the Risk management measure:
Yes
Proposed Risk management measure:
Delisting
REFERENCES:
- Aaltjesschema (2019). Meloidogyne hapla (Noordelijk wortelknobbelaaltje). In Aaltjeschema [nematode schemes]. [website for advice to growers on crop rotation schemes to reduce impact of various nematodes – in Dutch]., Wageningen university and research, The Netherlands. https://www.aaltjesschema.nl/Basiskennis/Soortenaaltjes/Meloidogynespp(wortelknobbelaaltjes)/Meloidogynehapla.aspx
- Biondić R, Puškarić T, Gerič Stare B & Brmež M (2023). The status of root-knot nematodes of the Meloidogyne genus in Croatia, with a special reference to the quarantine species. Poljoprivreda 29(1), 27-34.
- Boroş L, Şesan TE, Chifiriuc MC, Dobrin I, Iacomi B & Costache C (2015) The incidence and prevalence of root-knot nematode species (Meloidogyne spp.) associated with different dicotyledons originated from two vegetable cropped areas, Vărăşti (Giurgiu), and Băleni (Dâmboviţa). Scientific Papers. Series B, Horticulture. Vol. LIX.
- CABI (2021). Meloidogyne hapla (root-knot nematode) (accessed 2/May/2024). https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/10.1079/cabicompendium.33244
- Carter CC (1985) Literature search: Host range of Meloidogyne hapla. International Nematology Network Newsletter 2, 16-24.
- Dabaj KH, Jenser G (1990) Some weed host-plants of the northern root-knot nematode Meloidogyne hapla in Hungary. Nematologia Mediterranea 18(2), 139-140.
- Djian-Caporalino C (2012). Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.), a growing problem in French vegetable crops. EPPO Bulletin 42(1), 127-137. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2338.2012.02530.xCitations: 25
- Douda O, Zouhar M, Nováková E & Mazáková J (2012). Alternative methods of carrot (Daucus carota) protection against the northern root knot nematode (Meloidogyne hapla). Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B — Soil & Plant Science 62(1), 91–93. doi:10.1080/09064710.2011.570373.
- Gonçalves AR, Conceição IL, Kormpi M & Tzortzakakis EA (2020). Lavandula angustifolia and Oxalis pes-caprae, hosts of Meloidogyne hapla and Meloidogyne javanica - A note for Meloidogyne luci in Greece. Hellenic Plant Protection Journal 13(2), 78-82. https://sciendo.com/pl/article/10.2478/hppj-2020-0008?content-tab=abstract.
- Goodey JB, Franklin MT & Hooper DJ (1965). T. Goodey's the nematode parasites of plants catalogued under their hosts. 3rd. ed. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.
- EPPO (2022) PM 4/17 (3) Certification scheme for olive trees and rootstocks. EPPO Bulletin 52, 590–60. DOI: 10.1111/epp.1288
- Hallmann J, Rau F & Puffert M (2007) Bekämpfungsstrategien für den Wurzelgallennematoden Meloidogyne hapla im ökologischen Landbau. In: S. Zikeli, W. Claupein, S. Dabbert, B. Kaufmann, T. Müller und A. V. Zarate (Hg.): Zwischen Tradition und Globalisierung. 9. Wissenschaftstagung Ökologischer Landbau (eds Zikeli S, Claupein W, Dabbert S, Kaufmann B, Müller T & Zarate AV). Hohenheim, 20.-23.03.2007, Berlin. Dr. Köster
- Lišková M, Sasanelli N & D’Addabbo T (2007) Some notes on the occurrence of plant parasitic nematodes on fruit trees in Slovakia. Plant Protect. Sci. 43: 26-32.
- Netscher C & Taylor DP (1979). Physiologic variation with the genus Meloidogyne and its implications on integrated control. In: Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne species): systematics, biology and control (eds Lamberti F & Taylor CE.). London, UK, Academic Press, pp. 269-294.
- Ploeg AT (1999). Greenhouse studies on the effect of marigolds (Tagetes spp.) on four Meloidogyne species. Journal of Nematology 31, 62-69.
- Roccuzzo G, Ciancio A & Bonsignore R (1993). Population density and soil antagonists of Meloidogyne hapla infecting kiwi in southern Italy. Fundamental and applied Nematology 16(2), 151-154.
- Rusinque L, Nóbrega F, Serra C, Inácio ML (2022). The northern root-knot nematode Meloidogyne hapla: new host records in Portugal. Biology (Basel). 11(11), 1567, 9 pp. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11111567.
- Širca S, Urek G, & Karssen G (2004). The incidence of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita and Meloidogyne hapla in Slovenia. Acta Agriculturae Slovenica, 83, 15-22.
- Skwiercz A, Dobosz R, Flis Ł, Damszel M & Litwińczuk W (2019). First report of Meloidogyne hapla on Paulownia tomentosa in Poland. Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 88(3).
- Stalažs A (2014) Invertebrate pests of fruit-plants in Latvia, and their practical importance [Latvijas augļaugu kaitēkļi bezmugurkaulnieki un to saimnieciskā nozīme]. Scripta Letonica 1(2), 3–280. ISSN 2255-8934 (online)
- Talavera M, Miranda L, Gómez-Mora JA, Vela MD & Verdejo-Lucas S (2019). Nematode management in the strawberry fields of southern Spain. Agronomy, 9(5), 252.
- Tiilikkala K, Lahtinen A & Trudgill D (1988) The pest potential of Meloidogyne hapla in northern field conditions. Annales Agriculturae Fenniae 27, 329-338.
- Viaene NM & Abawi GS (1996). Damage threshold of Meloidogyne hapla to lettuce in organic soil. Journal of Nematology 28, 537-545.
- Wesemael WML & Moens M (2008). Quality damage on carrots (Daucus carota L.) caused by the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne chitwoodi. Nematology 10, 261-270.
- Wesemael W, Viaene N & Moens M. (2011). Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) in Europe. Nematology 13(1), 3-16. https://doi.org/10.1163/138855410X526831
- Wesemael WM & Moens M (2012) Screening of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) for resistance against temperate root‐knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.). Pest Management Science 68(5), 702-708.
- Zijlstra C (1997). A fast PCR assay to identify Meloidogyne hapla, M. chitwoodi, and M. fallax, and to sensitively differentiate them from each other and from M. incognita in mixtures. Fundamental and Applied Nematology 20(5), 505-511.