| Legend |
|---|
| Justification for qualification based on EPPO PM 4 Standards |
| Justification for disqualification |
| Additional or non-conclusive information |
| Standard text |
NAME OF THE ORGANISM: Dematophora necatrix {Rosellinia necatrix} (ROSLNE)
GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE PEST
Name as submitted in the project specification (if different):
Pest category:
Fungi
1- Identity of the pest/Level of taxonomic listing:
Is the organism clearly a single taxonomic entity and can it be adequately distinguished from other entities of the same rank?
Yes
Is the pest defined at the species level or lower?:
Yes
Can listing of the pest at a taxonomic level higher than species be supported by scientific reasons or can species be identified within the taxonomic rank which are the (main) pests of concern?
- Not relevant: Fruits (including hops) sector
If necessary, please list the species:
-
Is it justified that the pest is listed at a taxonomic rank below species level?
Not relevant
Conclusion:
- Candidate: Fruits (including hops) sector
Justification (if necessary):
Remark: Molecular detection methods exist for its detection from infected roots.
2 – Status in the EU:
Is this pest already a quarantine pest for the whole EU?
No
Presence in the EU:
Yes
List of countries (EPPO Global Database):
-
Conclusion:
Candidate
Justification (if necessary):
Dematophora necatrix is reported in: Austria, Bulgaria, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Romania (Plantwise Knowledge bank, 2021) and also in the Netherlands (Arnolds et al., 1995), France (Guillaumin et al., 1982), Portugal (Teixeira de Sousa, 1995), Spain (1998), Italy (2016).
HOST PLANT N°1: Pistacia vera (PIAVE) for the Fruits (including hops) sector.
Origin of the listing:
Commission Implementing Directive (EU) 2014/98/EU and Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072
Plants for planting:
Plants intended for planting
3 - Is the pest already listed in a PM4 standard on the concerned host plant?
No
Conclusion:
Evaluation continues
Justification (if necessary):
No PM4 for Pistacia. Not mentioned in PM4/27(1) Malus (1999); although the first report of Dematophora necatrix causing problems in apple orchards was in the 1980’s in Italy (Pasini et al., 2016) and France (Guillaumin et al., 1982), it was not considered necessary to add this pathogen to PM4/27 in 1999.
4 - Are the listed plants for planting the main* pathway for the "pest/host/intended use" combination? (*: significant compared to others):
Yes
Conclusion:
Candidate
Justification:
• Plant: yes (intermediate important)
• Soil: yes (most important)
• Spores: yes (low importance)
The soilborne fungus D. necatrix is the causal agent of white root rot disease on numerous plant species. Pistacia is reported as a host plant (Schena et al., 2002). Although the fungus can travel long distances with plant material, plant material is not expected to be the sole source of inoculum. The heterogeneity within the fungus at one location suggests multiple preexisting sources of infection and not movement of infected soil or plant material from a single source (Pasini et al., 2016; Danfy-Yelin et al. 2018). Due to the ability of the fungus to live as a saprophyte, it can survive in soil for long periods on woody debris (Pasini et al., 2016).
However, the fungus is frequent in nurseries, and contamination of orchards from nurseries is probably a common occurrence (CABI, 2021).
• Soil: yes (most important)
• Spores: yes (low importance)
The soilborne fungus D. necatrix is the causal agent of white root rot disease on numerous plant species. Pistacia is reported as a host plant (Schena et al., 2002). Although the fungus can travel long distances with plant material, plant material is not expected to be the sole source of inoculum. The heterogeneity within the fungus at one location suggests multiple preexisting sources of infection and not movement of infected soil or plant material from a single source (Pasini et al., 2016; Danfy-Yelin et al. 2018). Due to the ability of the fungus to live as a saprophyte, it can survive in soil for long periods on woody debris (Pasini et al., 2016).
However, the fungus is frequent in nurseries, and contamination of orchards from nurseries is probably a common occurrence (CABI, 2021).
5 - Economic impact:
Are there documented reports of any economic impact on the host?
No
Justification:
What is the likely economic impact of the pest irrespective of its infestation source in the absence of phytosanitary measures? (= official measures)
Is the economic impact due to the presence of the pest on the named host plant for planting, acceptable to the propagation and end user sectors concerned?
Yes
Is there unacceptable economic impact caused to other hosts (or the same host with a different intended use) produced at the same place of production due to the transfer of the pest from the named host plant for planting?
No
Conclusion:
Not candidate
Justification:
Dematophora necatrix is a limiting factor for avocado and apple crops in Israel and southern Spain, where its incidence has progressively increased to the point at which it is was considered to be the most important cause of endemic avocado root rot (López‐Herrera, 1998). it was one the main factors that limited poplar growing in the first decades of this century and then, after a period of stasis, in the second half of the 1980s. Considerable attacks on poplar have been described during the latest years in Portugal and southern Africa, as well as in India, where it is mostly observed in the nursery. It is reported as an increasing problem in apple orchards in Northern Italy.
No documented reports of economic impact could be found on Pistacia. The fungus is polyphagous. In Europe, there is no particular evidence of growing Pistacia and Malus together, as a source of unacceptable indirect economic impact to Malus.
No documented reports of economic impact could be found on Pistacia. The fungus is polyphagous. In Europe, there is no particular evidence of growing Pistacia and Malus together, as a source of unacceptable indirect economic impact to Malus.
6 - Are there feasible and effective measures available to prevent the presence of the pest on the plants for planting at an incidence above a certain threshold (including zero) to avoid an unacceptable economic impact as regards the relevant host plants?
Yes
Conclusion:
Candidate
Justification:
Inclusion in a certification scheme.
Testing the initial stock, visual examination for other categories.
Testing the initial stock, visual examination for other categories.
7- Is the quality of the data sufficient to recommend the pest to be listed as a RNQP?
Yes
Conclusion:
Candidate
Justification:
CONCLUSION ON THE STATUS:
Disqualified: acceptable economic impact.
8 - Tolerance level:
Is there a need to change the Tolerance level:
Yes
Proposed Tolerance levels:
Delisting
9 - Risk management measures:
Is there a need to change the Risk management measure:
Yes
Proposed Risk management measure:
Delisting
REFERENCES:
- Agarwala, R.K., Sharma, V.C., 1966. White root-rot disease of apple in Himachal Pradesh. Indian Phytopathology 29, 82–86.
- Arnolds E, Kuyper TW & Noordeloos ME (1995). Overzicht van de paddestoelen in Nederland. 871 pp. NMV, Wijster. (Fungi)
- CABI (2021) CABI Datasheet: Rosellinia necatrix (dematophora root rot). CABI Compendium. https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/10.1079/cabicompendium.47860
- Dafny-Yelin M., Mairesse O, Moy J, Dor S & Malkinson D (2018). Genetic diversity and infection sources of Rosellinia necatrix in northern Israel. Phytopathologia Mediterranae 57(1), 37-47. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14601/Phytopathol_Mediterr-22478
- FAO (1999) Review of fungal diseases in poplar. Available from https://www.fao.org/4/ac492e/AC492E03.htm
- Guillaumin JJ, Mercier S & Dubos B (1982). Les pourridiés à Armillariella et Rosellinia en France sur vigne, arbres fruitiers et cultures florales I. Etiologie et symptomatologie. Agronomie 2, 71-80.
- López-Herrera CJ, Pérez-Jiménez RM, Zea-Bonilla T, Basallote-Ureba MJ & Melero-Vara JM (1998). Soil solarization in established avocado trees for control of Dematophora necatrix. Plant Disease 82, 1088-1092.
- Pasini L, Prodorutti D, Pastorelli S, Pertot I (2016). Genetic diversity and biocontrol of Rosellinia necatrix infecting apple in Northern Italy. Plant Disease 100, 444-452. doi: 10.1094/PDIS-04-15-0480-RE. Epub 2015 Dec 19. PMID: 30694124.
- Plantwise Knowledge Bank (2021). Rosellinia necatrix (dematophora root rot). (accessed 21/Mar/2024). https://plantwiseplusknowledgebank.org/doi/full/10.1079/pwkb.species.47860
- Schena L, Nigro F & Ippolito A (2002) Identification and detection of Rosellinia necatrix by conventional and real-time Scorpion-PCR. European Journal of Plant Pathology 108: 355–366, 2002
- Teixeira de Sousa AJ, Guillaumin JJ, Sharples GP, Whalley AJS (1995). Rosellinia necatrix and white root rot of fruit trees and other plants in Portugal and nearby regions. Mycologist 9, 31-33.
- Ten Hoopen M & Krauss U (2005). Biology and control of Rosellinia bunodes, Rosellinia necatrix and Rosellinia pepo: A review. Crop Protection 25 (2), 89-107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2005.03.009