| Legend |
|---|
| Justification for qualification based on EPPO PM 4 Standards |
| Justification for disqualification |
| Additional or non-conclusive information |
| Standard text |
NAME OF THE ORGANISM: Cucumovirus CMV (cucumber mosaic virus) (CMV000)
GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE PEST
Name as submitted in the project specification (if different):
Cucumber mosaic virus
Pest category:
Viruses and viroids
1- Identity of the pest/Level of taxonomic listing:
Is the organism clearly a single taxonomic entity and can it be adequately distinguished from other entities of the same rank?
Yes
Is the pest defined at the species level or lower?:
Yes
Can listing of the pest at a taxonomic level higher than species be supported by scientific reasons or can species be identified within the taxonomic rank which are the (main) pests of concern?
- Not relevant: Fruits (including hops) sector
If necessary, please list the species:
-
Is it justified that the pest is listed at a taxonomic rank below species level?
Not relevant
Conclusion:
- Candidate: Fruits (including hops) sector
Justification (if necessary):
2 – Status in the EU:
Is this pest already a quarantine pest for the whole EU?
No
Presence in the EU:
Yes
List of countries (EPPO Global Database):
Austria (2002); Belgium (2013); Bulgaria (2014); Croatia (2002); Cyprus (2011); Czech Republic (1993); Denmark (1992); Estonia (2002); Finland (2011); France (1993); Germany (1993); Greece (2015); Hungary (2016); Ireland (2002); Italy (2014); Latvia (2002); Lithuania (2002); Malta (1995); Netherlands (1993); Poland (2021); Portugal (2002); Romania (1992); Slovakia (2002); Slovenia (2002); Spain (2013); Sweden (2002)
Conclusion:
Candidate
Justification (if necessary):
Data of the presence of this pest on the EU territory are available in EPPO Global Database (https://gd.eppo.int/).
HOST PLANT N°1: Ribes (1RIBG) for the Fruits (including hops) sector.
Origin of the listing:
Commission Implementing Directive (EU) 2014/98/EU and Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072
Plants for planting:
Plants intended for planting
3 - Is the pest already listed in a PM4 standard on the concerned host plant?
Yes
Conclusion:
Evaluation continues
Justification (if necessary):
Listed in Standard PM 4-9 Certification scheme for Ribes. However, when responding to the questionnaire, FR, NL and PL supported deregulation. NL and PL considered that plants for planting was not the main pathway. FR questioned presence in the EU [in plants for planting] and economic impact ('unknown?'). NL considered that feasible and effective measures were not available. Evaluation continues with a full assessment.
4 - Are the listed plants for planting the main* pathway for the "pest/host/intended use" combination? (*: significant compared to others):
Yes
Conclusion:
Candidate
Justification:
Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) has the widest host range for any plant virus, including more than 1200 species in over 100 families of dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous angiosperms (Douine et al., 1979; Palukaitis & García-Arenal, 2019). CMV can also infect Ribes spp. (Adams & Thresh, 1987; Musil et al., 1979; van der Meer, 1987).
The virus is transmitted in a non-persistent manner by more than 80 species of aphids in 33 genera (Edwardson & Christie, 1991). Myzus persicae and Aphis gossypii are two important vectors. Transmission efficiency is affected by a number of factors, including virus strain, aphid species, source and recipient plant species, and plant species on which the aphid is maintained (Simons, 1957; in Palukaitis & García-Arenal, 2003)
An isolate of CMV from black currant has been transmitted by Myzus persicae (Sulz.) and by five species that spend all or part of their life cycles on Ribes crops: Aphis grossulariae Kalt., A. schneiden (Born.), Cryptomyzus ribis (L.), Hyperomyzus lactucae (L.), and Nasonovia ribisnigri (Mosley) (Thresh 1970). The virus is readily transmitted between herbaceous hosts and from black currant to herbaceous hosts. Black currant seedlings are infrequently infected either by aphids from black currant or from herbaceous hosts. There is little natural spread within plantations, and infection seems to spread into or within the crop from weeds or cultivated hosts, perhaps by aphids that visit black currant temporarily (Adams & Thresh, 1987).
It is also transmitted mechanically, via grafting or dodder.
Seed transmission for CMV has been reported in more than twenty plant species, with varying efficiencies from a fraction of 1% up to 50% (Palukaitis et al., 1992). Virus may be present in the embryo, endosperm and seminal integuments, as well as in pollen (Yang et al., 1997).
CMV is considered a rather common virus in Ribes, although this has not been verified by extensive surveys in the field (Spak et al., 2021). The scientific opinion on the list of non-EU viruses and viroids of Cydonia, Fragaria, Malus, Prunus, Pyrus, Ribes, Rubus and Vitis from EFSA also suggests that it was rare in the hosts considered but is widespread in herbaceous hosts such as cucurbits and Solanaceae (EFSA PLH Panel, 2019).
[In responses to the questionnaire, NL commented that the virus was 'widespread in nature', 'polyphagous' and 'spread by aphids' (highly persistent) and during crop handling activities. NL considered that plants for planting was not the main pathway.]
The Fruit SEWG supported that plants for planting was only a significant pathways compared to natural spread when production occurs under protected conditions.
The virus is transmitted in a non-persistent manner by more than 80 species of aphids in 33 genera (Edwardson & Christie, 1991). Myzus persicae and Aphis gossypii are two important vectors. Transmission efficiency is affected by a number of factors, including virus strain, aphid species, source and recipient plant species, and plant species on which the aphid is maintained (Simons, 1957; in Palukaitis & García-Arenal, 2003)
An isolate of CMV from black currant has been transmitted by Myzus persicae (Sulz.) and by five species that spend all or part of their life cycles on Ribes crops: Aphis grossulariae Kalt., A. schneiden (Born.), Cryptomyzus ribis (L.), Hyperomyzus lactucae (L.), and Nasonovia ribisnigri (Mosley) (Thresh 1970). The virus is readily transmitted between herbaceous hosts and from black currant to herbaceous hosts. Black currant seedlings are infrequently infected either by aphids from black currant or from herbaceous hosts. There is little natural spread within plantations, and infection seems to spread into or within the crop from weeds or cultivated hosts, perhaps by aphids that visit black currant temporarily (Adams & Thresh, 1987).
It is also transmitted mechanically, via grafting or dodder.
Seed transmission for CMV has been reported in more than twenty plant species, with varying efficiencies from a fraction of 1% up to 50% (Palukaitis et al., 1992). Virus may be present in the embryo, endosperm and seminal integuments, as well as in pollen (Yang et al., 1997).
CMV is considered a rather common virus in Ribes, although this has not been verified by extensive surveys in the field (Spak et al., 2021). The scientific opinion on the list of non-EU viruses and viroids of Cydonia, Fragaria, Malus, Prunus, Pyrus, Ribes, Rubus and Vitis from EFSA also suggests that it was rare in the hosts considered but is widespread in herbaceous hosts such as cucurbits and Solanaceae (EFSA PLH Panel, 2019).
[In responses to the questionnaire, NL commented that the virus was 'widespread in nature', 'polyphagous' and 'spread by aphids' (highly persistent) and during crop handling activities. NL considered that plants for planting was not the main pathway.]
The Fruit SEWG supported that plants for planting was only a significant pathways compared to natural spread when production occurs under protected conditions.
5 - Economic impact:
Are there documented reports of any economic impact on the host?
Yes
Justification:
Cucumber mosaic virus causes green mottle of black currant or red currant. Infection in black currant was reported in a few bushes in each of several plantations or nurseries in England and Wales (Thresh 1966), in a single bush in Germany (Kleinhempel 1970), and in cv. Trimorskij Champion' in the Soviet Far East (Gordejchuk et al. 1977). CMV was detected in asymptomatic redcurrant plants in Poland, with the sampled plant showing mild leaf mosaic and vein yellowing a year later (Sliwa et al., 2008).
The plant exhibits symptoms which are variable depending on the cultivar infected as well as time of infection and environmental conditions. Symptoms in sensitive material are chlorotic line patterns, often associated with leaf veins, or mottling; they are most obvious in rapidly growing plants in spring and in fully expanded leaves (Sastry et al., 2019). Infected bushes are stunted and bear little crop (Adams & Thresh, 1987).
Infection does not seem to spread rapidly between black currant bushes. Control measures are unnecessary, but care should be taken to eliminate infected bushes from nursery stocks and those used for propagation (Adams & Thresh, 1987).
[In responses to the questionnaire, FR questioned economic impact (Martin et al., 2013)]
The plant exhibits symptoms which are variable depending on the cultivar infected as well as time of infection and environmental conditions. Symptoms in sensitive material are chlorotic line patterns, often associated with leaf veins, or mottling; they are most obvious in rapidly growing plants in spring and in fully expanded leaves (Sastry et al., 2019). Infected bushes are stunted and bear little crop (Adams & Thresh, 1987).
Infection does not seem to spread rapidly between black currant bushes. Control measures are unnecessary, but care should be taken to eliminate infected bushes from nursery stocks and those used for propagation (Adams & Thresh, 1987).
[In responses to the questionnaire, FR questioned economic impact (Martin et al., 2013)]
What is the likely economic impact of the pest irrespective of its infestation source in the absence of phytosanitary measures? (= official measures)
Minor
Is the economic impact due to the presence of the pest on the named host plant for planting, acceptable to the propagation and end user sectors concerned?
Yes
Is there unacceptable economic impact caused to other hosts (or the same host with a different intended use) produced at the same place of production due to the transfer of the pest from the named host plant for planting?
No
Conclusion:
Not candidate
Justification:
Cucumber mosaic virus is a common virus and can be transmitted by many different aphid species. The virus is present in many plant species in the environment. Minor or no economic impact reported, depending on the cultivars, time of infection and environmental conditions.
6 - Are there feasible and effective measures available to prevent the presence of the pest on the plants for planting at an incidence above a certain threshold (including zero) to avoid an unacceptable economic impact as regards the relevant host plants?
Conclusion:
Justification:
7- Is the quality of the data sufficient to recommend the pest to be listed as a RNQP?
Conclusion:
Justification:
CONCLUSION ON THE STATUS:
Disqualified: economic impact on its own considered acceptable (substantially free from requirement would suffice). Plants for planting is not considered to be a significant pathway compared to natural spread by aphids under outdoor conditions.
8 - Tolerance level:
Is there a need to change the Tolerance level:
Yes
Proposed Tolerance levels:
Delisting
9 - Risk management measures:
Is there a need to change the Risk management measure:
Yes
Proposed Risk management measure:
Delisting
REFERENCES:
- Adams AN & Thresh JM (1987) Green mottle of black currant. In Virus disease of small fruits (ed Converse RH). United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Agriculture Handbook 631, 136-137.
- CABI (2022) CABI PlantwisePlus Knowledge Bank. Cucumber mosaic virus. Available at plantwiseplusknowledgebank.org. Accessed: 18/10/2024.
- Douine L, Quiot JB, Marchoux G & Archange P (1979) Recensement des espèces végétales sensibles au virus de la mosaïque du concombre. Etude bibliographique. Annales de Phytopathologie 11 :439-475.
- EFSA PLH Panel (2019) EFSA Plant Health (PLH) Panel, Bragard C, Dehnen-Schmutz K, Gonthier P, Jacques M-A, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas-Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Reignault PL, Thulke H-H, Van der Werf W, Vicent Civera A, Yuen J, Zappala L, Candresse T, Chatzivassiliou E, Winter S, Chiumenti M, Di Serio F, Kaluski T, Minafra A and Rubino L. Scientific Opinion on the list of non-EU viruses and viroids of Cydonia Mill., Fragaria L., Malus Mill., Prunus L., Pyrus L., Ribes L., Rubus L. and Vitis L. EFSA Journal 17(9), 5501, 46 pp.https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5501.
- Edwardson JR & Christie RG (1991) CRC Handbook of viruses infecting legumes, Boca Raton, CRC Press, 293, 1991.
- Gorejdchuk OG, Krylov AV, Krylova NV & Samonina IN (1977) [Virus diseases of berry crops in the Soviet Far East.] Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde, Infektionskrankheiten und Hygiene, Abteilung 2, 132, 686-707.
- Kleinhempel H (1970) Verbreitung und Schadwirkung von Virosen an Johannis- und Stachelbeere. Archiv für Gartenbau 18, 319-325.
- Martin RR, MacFarlane S, Sabanadzovic S, Quito D, Poudel B & Tzanetakis IE (2013) Viruses and virus diseases of Rubus. Plant disease 97(2), 168-182
- Musil M, Rakus D & Mucha V (1979) Some properties of cucumber mosaic virus isolates in Czechoslovakia from Ribus rubrum. Biologia 34, 321-327.
- Palukaitis P & García-Arenal F (2003) Cucumber mosaic virus nr. 400. In Description of Plant viruses. https://www.dpvweb.net/dpv/showdpv/?dpvno=400.
- Palukaitis P & García-Arenal F (2019) Appendix: Host list of cucumber mosaic virus. Published Online:11 Mar 2019https://doi.org/10.1094/9780890546109.033.
- Palukaitis P, Roossinck MJ, Dietzgen RG & Francki RI (1992). Cucumber mosaic virus. Advances in virus research 41, 281-348.
- Rist DL & Lorbeer JW (1991) Relationships of weed reservoirs of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and broad bean wilt virus (BBWV) to CMV and BBWV in commercial lettuce field in New York. Phytopathology 81, 367-371.
- Sastry KS, Mandal B, Hammond J, Scott SW & Briddon RW (2019) Ribes spp. (Gooseberry, Black Currant, Red Currant, White Currant). In Encyclopedia of Plant Viruses and Viroids. Springer, New Delhi. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-3912-3_791
- Simons JN (1957) Three strains of cucumber mosaic virus affecting bell pepper in the Everglades area of south Florida. Phytopathology 47, 145-150.
- Sliwa H, Kamińska M & Malinowski T (2008) Detection and identification of Cucumber mosaic virus isolate from red currant ‘Rosetta’. Acta Horticulturae 780, 55–60.
- Špak J, Koloniuk I & Tzanetakis IE (2021) Graft-transmissible diseases of Ribes – pathogens, impact, and control. Plant Disease 105, 242-250.
- van der Meer FA (1987) Green mottle of red currant. In Virus disease of small fruits (ed Converse RH). United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Agriculture Handbook 631, 145-146.
- Thresh JM (1966) Virus disease of black currant. East Mailing Research Station, Report for 1965, 158-163.
- Thresh JM (1970) Virus and virus-like diseases of gooseberry and currant, p. 75-104. In Virus diseases of small fruits and grapevines (ed Frazier NW). University of California Division of Agricultural Sciences, Berkeley, 290 p.
- Yang Y, Kim KS & Anderson EJ (1997) Seed transmission of cucumber mosaic virus in spinach. Phytopathology 87(9), 924-931.