Evaluation continues

Candidate

TSWV has an extremely wide host range with more than 1 300 plants including agricultural crops, wild and weed species (Parrella et al., 2003; Peters, 2003), but the Council Directive 2000/29 is restricting measures to only 10 host plants. The IIA2AWG concluded that "at least the current host range with the exception of Apium should be covered in the future" (EU COM, 2016). However Apium graveolens is reported as a host plant (Parella et al., 2003). TSWV is a systemic pathogen and, as such, it is very efficiently transmitted by all vegetative multiplication techniques (EFSA-PLH, 2012). The virus is transmitted by thrips in a persistent propagative mode (Ullman et al., 1993; Wijkamp et al., 1993). Because of the persistence of TSWV in the vectors, the virus can be carried by infected plant material but also by viruliferous thrips, which can be present on a consignment that is infected with TSVW or even on consignments of non-host plants of the virus. The interception reports in EUROPHYT (very few) indicate that TSWV is found mostly in consignments of ornamentals and in 2011 and 2012 it has been reported four times on Lycopersicon esculentum. TSWV and viruliferous thrips are being transported in living planting material and will survive transport and storage as long as their hosts remain alive (EFSA-PLH, 2012). The plants for planting are a significant pathway compared to other pathways.

Evaluation continues

Candidate

TSWV has an extremely wide host range with more than 1 300 plants including agricultural crops, wild and weed species (Parrella et al., 2003; Peters, 2003), but the Council Directive 2000/29 is restricting measures to only 10 host plants. TSWV is a systemic pathogen and, as such, it is very efficiently transmitted by all vegetative multiplication techniques (EFSA-PLH, 2012). The virus is transmitted by thrips in a persistent propagative mode (Ullman et al., 1993; Wijkamp et al., 1993). Because of the persistence of TSWV in the vectors, the virus can be carried by infected plant material but also by viruliferous thrips, which can be present on a consignment that is infected with TSVW or even on consignments of non-host plants of the virus. The interception reports in EUROPHYT (very few) indicate that TSWV is found mostly in consignments of ornamentals and in 2011 and 2012 it has been reported four times on Lycopersicon esculentum. TSWV and viruliferous thrips are being transported in living planting material and will survive transport and storage as long as their hosts remain alive (EFSA-PLH, 2012). The plants for planting are a significant pathway compared to other pathways.

Yes

TSWV infections in tomato occurring at an early stage in development result in severe stunting of plants, poor fruit setting and, when fruits eventually develop, fruits that are small and with yellow, brown or necrotic spots or rings (EFSA, PLH, 2012). TSWV causes yield and quality reductions and unappealing symptoms that render fruits unmarketable. While quantitative data on yield loss in crops and ornamentals are generally lacking, losses from TSWV diseases are considered very serious (Verhoeven and Roenhorst, 1994; Scholthof et al., 2011). TSWV is considered a very important pathogen of tomatoes, and severe losses have been encountered in crop production in Italy, Spain, Bulgaria and Greece. A similarly high impact on a range of other horticultural crops, such as pepper, potato, eggplant, lettuce and broad beans, is observed (EFSA, PLH, 2012). A great impact on tomato yield was reported by Moriones et al. (1998) in studies of natural TSWV infections in experimental plots in Northern Spain. Field experiments in Turkey, in which plots were naturally infected with TSWV, resulted in crop losses of up to 42 %, with an almost complete loss of marketable tomatoes (Sevik and Arli-Sokmen, 2012). Recently (2014 and 2015) TSWV infections affected tomato and pepper production (outdoor and indoor) in some Southern parts of Bulgaria.

Major

No

Candidate

candidate

Evaluation continues

Candidate

TSWV has an extremely wide host range with more than 1 300 plants including agricultural crops, wild and weed species (Parrella et al., 2003; Peters, 2003), but the Council Directive 2000/29 is restricting measures to only 10 host plants. TSWV is a systemic pathogen and, as such, it is very efficiently transmitted by all vegetative multiplication techniques (EFSA-PLH, 2012). The virus is transmitted by thrips in a persistent propagative mode (Ullman et al., 1993; Wijkamp et al., 1993). Because of the persistence of TSWV in the vectors, the virus can be carried by infected plant material but also by viruliferous thrips, which can be present on a consignment that is infected with TSVW or even on consignments of non-host plants of the virus. The interception reports in EUROPHYT (very few) indicate that TSWV is found mostly in consignments of ornamentals and in 2011 and 2012 it has been reported four times on Lycopersicon esculentum. TSWV and viruliferous thrips are being transported in living planting material and will survive transport and storage as long as their hosts remain alive (EFSA-PLH, 2012). The plants for planting are a significant pathway compared to other pathways.

Evaluation continues

Candidate

Some Cucumis melo varieties are bred and grown for ornamental use though no specific information on them was obtained regarding TSWV, in a brief search.
TSWV has an extremely wide host range with more than 1 300 plants including agricultural crops, wild and weed species (Parrella et al., 2003; Peters, 2003).
Parella et al (2003) included Cucumis melo as host plant of TSWV in an “update” of TSWV-susceptible plant species with natural infections on the base of publication of Marchoux et al (2000). EFSA (2012) mentioned C. melo only when quoting Annex IIAII of Council Directive 2000/29/EC for TSWV regulated plants. Cho et al. (1987) did not mentioned C. melo in the list of TSWV reservoir hosts associated with Hawaii’s vegetable growing regions. Melon is not reported as an important host plant of TSWV both globally (Kormelink et al., 1998; EFSA, 2012), and in individual countries like the Netherlands (Verhoeven and Roenhorst, 1998), Czech Republic (Mertelík et al., 1996), Bulgaria (Hristova et al., 2001), Australia (Persley et al, 2006), USA (Pappu et al., 2009).
TSWV is a systemic pathogen and, as such, it is very efficiently transmitted by all vegetative multiplication techniques (EFSA-PLH, 2012). The virus is transmitted by thrips in a persistent propagative mode (Ullman et al., 1993; Wijkamp et al., 1993). Because of the persistence of TSWV in the vectors, the virus can be carried by infected plant material but also by viruliferous thrips, which can be present on a consignment that is infected with TSVW or even on consignments of non-host plants of the virus. The interception reports in EUROPHYT (very few) indicate that TSWV is found mostly in consignments of ornamentals. No interceptions have been reported on Cucumis melo for the period 1996-2012. TSWV and viruliferous thrips are being transported in living planting material and will survive transport and storage as long as their hosts remain alive (EFSA-PLH, 2012). Plants for planting are considered to be a significant pathway compared to other pathways.

Evaluation continues

Candidate

TSWV has an extremely wide host range with more than 1 300 plants including agricultural crops, wild and weed species (Parrella et al., 2003; Peters, 2003). TSWV is a systemic pathogen and, as such, it is very efficiently transmitted by all vegetative multiplication techniques (EFSA-PLH, 2012). The virus is transmitted by thrips in a persistent propagative mode (Ullman et al., 1993; Wijkamp et al., 1993). Because of the persistence of TSWV in the vectors, the virus can be carried by infected plant material but also by viruliferous thrips, which can be present on a consignment that is infected with TSVW or even on consignments of non-host plants of the virus. The interception reports in EUROPHYT (very few) indicate that TSWV is found mostly in consignments of ornamentals. No interceptions have been reported on Dianthus sp. for the period 1996-2012. Dianthus sp. is not included in the plant species found infected with TSWV in the Netherlands and USA (Verhoeven and Roenhorst, 1994; Daughtrey et al., 1997; Verhoeven and Roenhorst, 1998). TSWV and viruliferous thrips are being transported in living planting material and will survive transport and storage as long as their hosts remain alive (EFSA-PLH, 2012). Experts concluded that it is questionable if plants for planting of this host represent a significant pathway compared to other pathways.

Evaluation continues

Candidate

TSWV has an extremely wide host range with more than 1 300 plants including agricultural crops, wild and weed species (Parrella et al., 2003; Peters, 2003). TSWV is a systemic pathogen and, as such, it is very efficiently transmitted by all vegetative multiplication techniques (EFSA-PLH, 2012). The virus is transmitted by thrips in a persistent propagative mode (Ullman et al., 1993; Wijkamp et al., 1993). Because of the persistence of TSWV in the vectors, the virus can be carried by infected plant material but also by viruliferous thrips, which can be present on a consignment that is infected with TSVW or even on consignments of non-host plants of the virus. The interception reports in EUROPHYT (very few) indicate that TSWV is found mostly in consignments of ornamentals. No interceptions have been reported on Euphorbia for the period 1996-2012. Euphorbia sp. is not included in the plant species found infected with TSWV in the Netherlands and USA (Verhoeven and Roenhorst, 1994; Daughtrey et al., 1997; Verhoeven and Roenhorst, 1998). TSWV and viruliferous thrips are being transported in living planting material and will survive transport and storage as long as their hosts remain alive (EFSA-PLH, 2012). Experts concluded that it is questionable if plants for planting of this host represent a significant pathway compared to other pathways.

Evaluation continues

Candidate

TSWV has an extremely wide host range with more than 1 300 plants including agricultural crops, wild and weed species (Parrella et al., 2003; Peters, 2003). TSWV is a systemic pathogen and, as such, it is very efficiently transmitted by all vegetative multiplication techniques (EFSA-PLH, 2012). The virus is transmitted by thrips in a persistent propagative mode (Ullman et al., 1993; Wijkamp et al., 1993). Because of the persistence of TSWV in the vectors, the virus can be carried by infected plant material but also by viruliferous thrips, which can be present on a consignment that is infected with TSVW or even on consignments of non-host plants of the virus. The interception reports in EUROPHYT (very few) indicate that TSWV is found mostly in consignments of ornamentals. No interceptions have been reported on Gerbera for the period 1996-2012. TSWV and viruliferous thrips are being transported in living planting material and will survive transport and storage as long as their hosts remain alive (EFSA-PLH, 2012). Gerbera jamesonii is one of the most frequently ornamental crop infected with TSWV in Poland (Kaminska and Korbin, 1991), the Netherlands (Verhoeven and Roenhorst, 1994; Verhoeven and Roenhorst, 1998), Czech Republic (Mertelík et al., 1996) and Portugal (Louro, 1996). TSWV reservoirs in Czech Republic are mainly vegetatively-propagated ornamental plants reacting on the infection with mild symptoms or being symptomless (Mertelík et al., 1996). The plants for planting represent a significant pathway compared to other pathways.

Yes

TSWV infections have great impact on the ornamental industry, with the virus frequently found in greenhouse flower crops (Verhoeven and Roenhorst, 1994; Daughtrey et al., 1997). In Italy, samples of greenhouse-grown Gerbera jamesonii plants showed severe malformations on flowers and necrotic spots on leaves and TSWV but not Impatiens necrotic spot virus was detected in all samples (Spanò et al 2011). Similarly, in Serbia, approximately 30% of gerbera (G. hybrida) plants grown in a greenhouse showed chlorotic oak-leaf patterns followed by necrosis and distortion of leaves (Stanković et al., 2011). In 2012-2014, TSWV was detected in 30% of greenhouse-grown gerbera and chrysanthemum in Miranda State, Venezuela (Marys et al., 2014). Similar other references with similar information on this host could be found.

Medium

No

Candidate

candidate

Evaluation continues

Candidate

TSWV has an extremely wide host range with more than 1 300 plants including agricultural crops, wild and weed species (Parrella et al., 2003; Peters, 2003), but the Council Directive 2000/29 is restricting measures to only 10 host plants. TSWV is a systemic pathogen and, as such, it is very efficiently transmitted by all vegetative multiplication techniques (EFSA-PLH, 2012). The virus is transmitted by thrips in a persistent propagative mode (Ullman et al., 1993; Wijkamp et al., 1993). Because of the persistence of TSWV in the vectors, the virus can be carried by infected plant material but also by viruliferous thrips, which can be present on a consignment that is infected with TSVW or even on consignments of non-host plants of the virus. The interception reports in EUROPHYT (very few) indicate that TSWV is found mostly in consignments of ornamentals and in 2011 and 2012 it has been reported four times on Lycopersicon esculentum. TSWV and viruliferous thrips are being transported in living planting material and will survive transport and storage as long as their hosts remain alive (EFSA-PLH, 2012). The plants for planting are a significant pathway compared to other pathways.

Yes

TSWV causes yield and quality reductions and unappealing symptoms that render fruits unmarketable. While quantitative data on yield loss in crops and ornamentals are generally lacking, losses from TSWV diseases are considered very serious (Verhoeven and Roenhorst, 1994; Scholthof et al., 2011). TSWV is considered a very important pathogen of tomatoes. A similarly high impact on a range of other horticultural crops, such as pepper, potato, eggplant, lettuce and broad beans, is observed (EFSA, PLH, 2012).

Major

No

Candidate

candidate

Evaluation continues

Candidate

Some lettuce varieties cab grown for ornamental use though no specific information on them was obtained regarding TSWV, in a brief search.
TSWV has an extremely wide host range with more than 1 300 plants including agricultural crops, wild and weed species (Parrella et al., 2003; Peters, 2003). TSWV is a systemic pathogen and, as such, it is very efficiently transmitted by all vegetative multiplication techniques (EFSA-PLH, 2012). The virus is transmitted by thrips in a persistent propagative mode (Ullman et al., 1993; Wijkamp et al., 1993). Because of the persistence of TSWV in the vectors, the virus can be carried by infected plant material but also by viruliferous thrips, which can be present on a consignment that is infected with TSVW or even on consignments of non-host plants of the virus. The interception reports in EUROPHYT (very few) indicate that TSWV is found mostly in consignments of ornamentals. No interception has been reported on Lactuca sativa from 1996 to 2012. TSWV and viruliferous thrips are being transported in living planting material and will survive transport and storage as long as their hosts remain alive (EFSA-PLH, 2012). The plants for planting are a significant pathway compared to other pathways.

?

TSWV is considered a very important pathogen of tomatoes. A similarly high impact on a range of other horticultural crops, such as pepper, potato, eggplant, lettuce and broad beans, is observed (Kormelink et al.,1998; EFSA, 2012). While quantitative data on yield loss in crops and ornamentals are generally lacking, losses from TSWV diseases are considered very serious (Scholthof et al., 2011; EFSA, 2012). No details of any impact on ornamental lettuce could be found, though it is assumed they may react to infection in a similar way, i.e. pronounced symptoms occur on leaves of lettuce, and causing serious disease (EFSA PLH, 2012)

Major

No

Candidate

Impact is evaluated as major, by extrapolation from the vegetable use.

candidate

Evaluation continues

Candidate

TSWV has an extremely wide host range with more than 1 300 plants including agricultural crops, wild and weed species (Parrella et al., 2003; Peters, 2003). As all the tospoviruses, TSWV is not transmitted through seeds of infected plants (EU COM, 2016). TSWV is a systemic pathogen and, as such, it is very efficiently transmitted by all vegetative multiplication techniques (EFSA-PLH, 2012). The virus is transmitted by thrips in a persistent propagative mode (Ullman et al., 1993; Wijkamp et al., 1993). Because of the persistence of TSWV in the vectors, the virus can be carried by infected plant material but also by viruliferous thrips, which can be present on a consignment that is infected with TSVW or even on consignments of non-host plants of the virus. The interception reports in EUROPHYT (very few) indicate that TSWV is found mostly in consignments of ornamentals and in 2011 and 2012 it has been reported four times on Lycopersicon esculentum. TSWV and viruliferous thrips are being transported in living planting material and will survive transport and storage as long as their hosts remain alive (EFSA-PLH, 2012).
As concluded by the IIA2 AWG, the plants for planting (excluding seeds) is considered to be a significant pathway compared to other pathways.

Yes

Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) causes serious losses in the tobacco-producing areas of Northern Greece (Chatzivassiliou, 2008). Serious losses on tobacco are reported also from Georgia (USA) - from 1995 to 2008, the statewide percentages of tobacco stand losses and crop losses due to spotted wilt have steadily increased, peaking in 2002, with 41% stand loss and 20% crop loss ($19.4 million loss to the Georgia tobacco crop) (University of Georgia, 2017).

Major

No

Candidate

candidate

Risk reduction options to prevent the presence of the pest on the plants for planting are available (EFSA PLH, 2012).

Evaluation continues

Candidate

TSWV has an extremely wide host range with more than 1 300 plants including agricultural crops, wild and weed species (Parrella et al., 2003; Peters, 2003), but the Council Directive 2000/29 is restricting measures to only 10 host plants. TSWV is a systemic pathogen and, as such, it is very efficiently transmitted by all vegetative multiplication techniques (EFSA-PLH, 2012). The virus is transmitted by thrips in a persistent propagative mode (Ullman et al., 1993; Wijkamp et al., 1993). Because of the persistence of TSWV in the vectors, the virus can be carried by infected plant material but also by viruliferous thrips, which can be present on a consignment that is infected with TSVW or even on consignments of non-host plants of the virus. The interception reports in EUROPHYT (very few) indicate that TSWV is found mostly in consignments of ornamentals and in 2011 and 2012 it has been reported four times on Lycopersicon esculentum. TSWV and viruliferous thrips are being transported in living planting material and will survive transport and storage as long as their hosts remain alive (EFSA-PLH, 2012). The plants for planting are a significant pathway compared to other pathways.

Yes

TSWV infections in tomato occurring at an early stage in development result in severe stunting of plants, poor fruit setting and, when fruits eventually develop, fruits that are small and with yellow, brown or necrotic spots or rings (EFSA, PLH, 2012). TSWV causes yield and quality reductions and unappealing symptoms that render fruits unmarketable. While quantitative data on yield loss in crops and ornamentals are generally lacking, losses from TSWV diseases are considered very serious (Verhoeven and Roenhorst, 1994; Scholthof et al., 2011). TSWV is considered a very important pathogen of tomatoes, and severe losses have been encountered in crop production in Italy, Spain, Bulgaria and Greece. A great impact on tomato yield was reported by Moriones et al. (1998) in studies of natural TSWV infections in experimental plots in Northern Spain. Field experiments in Turkey, in which plots were naturally infected with TSWV, resulted in crop losses of up to 42 %, with an almost complete loss of marketable tomatoes (Sevik and Arli-Sokmen, 2012). Recently (2014 and 2015) TSWV infections affected tomato and pepper production (outdoor and indoor) in some Southern parts of Bulgaria.

Major

No

Candidate

The potential economic impact of TSWV is rated as major because the yield and/or quality losses are considerable; targeted controls are frequently needed and the treatment is costly.

candidate

The most efficient and technically feasible risk reduction options (EFSA-PLH, 2012) are those addressing either the sanitary status of the propagation material or those addressing the control of TSWV epidemic development through actions directed at the virus or at its vectors. Inspection and testing for presence of TSWV or of its thrips vectors can be effective to ensure virus freedom of plants. Testing is necessary to ensure that the virus in asymptomatic plants does not evade detection. Production of plants for planting in PFPSs is a highly feasible and effective risk mitigation measure when adequate detection surveys are in place. Control methods (chemical and biological) against thrips vectors can reduce the incidence of TSWV at the place of production. The most important step in insecticide management of thrips is to initiate insecticide applications when the densities are low. Growing TSWV host plants under exclusion conditions may be highly effective in the management of the virus and the thrips vectors in both field- and greenhouse-grown crops. Exclusion conditions for new plants moved in a production area are moderately feasible and effective as measures for prevention of the introduction of the infection to a healthy cultivation.

Evaluation continues

Candidate

TSWV has an extremely wide host range with more than 1 300 plants including agricultural crops, wild and weed species (Parrella et al., 2003; Peters, 2003), but the Council Directive 2000/29 is restricting measures to only 10 host plants. TSWV is a systemic pathogen and, as such, it is very efficiently transmitted by all vegetative multiplication techniques (EFSA-PLH, 2012). The virus is transmitted by thrips in a persistent propagative mode (Ullman et al., 1993; Wijkamp et al., 1993). Because of the persistence of TSWV in the vectors, the virus can be carried by infected plant material but also by viruliferous thrips, which can be present on a consignment that is infected with TSVW or even on consignments of non-host plants of the virus. The interception reports in EUROPHYT (very few) indicate that TSWV is found mostly in consignments of ornamentals and in 2011 and 2012 it has been reported four times on Lycopersicon esculentum. TSWV and viruliferous thrips are being transported in living planting material and will survive transport and storage as long as their hosts remain alive (EFSA-PLH, 2012). The plants for planting are a significant pathway compared to other pathways.

Yes

TSWV infections in tomato occurring at an early stage in development result in severe stunting of plants, poor fruit setting and, when fruits eventually develop, fruits that are small and with yellow, brown or necrotic spots or rings (EFSA, PLH, 2012). TSWV causes yield and quality reductions and unappealing symptoms that render fruits unmarketable. While quantitative data on yield loss in crops and ornamentals are generally lacking, losses from TSWV diseases are considered very serious (Verhoeven and Roenhorst, 1994; Scholthof et al., 2011). TSWV is considered a very important pathogen of tomatoes, and severe losses have been encountered in crop production in Italy, Spain, Bulgaria and Greece. A similarly high impact on a range of other horticultural crops, such as pepper, potato, eggplant, lettuce and broad beans, is observed (EFSA, PLH, 2012). A great impact on tomato yield was reported by Moriones et al. (1998) in studies of natural TSWV infections in experimental plots in Northern Spain. Field experiments in Turkey, in which plots were naturally infected with TSWV, resulted in crop losses of up to 42 %, with an almost complete loss of marketable tomatoes (Sevik and Arli-Sokmen, 2012). Recently (2014 and 2015) TSWV infections affected tomato and pepper production (outdoor and indoor) in some Southern parts of Bulgaria.

Major

No

Candidate

candidate

Evaluation continues

Candidate

Some eggplant species of Solanum are grown for ornamental use though no specific information on them was obtained regarding TSWV, in a brief search (None appeared to be S. melongena). There is limited information about this plant being cultivated as an ornamental.
TSWV has an extremely wide host range with more than 1 300 plants including agricultural crops, wild and weed species (Parrella et al., 2003; Peters, 2003). TSWV is a systemic pathogen and, as such, it is very efficiently transmitted by all vegetative multiplication techniques (EFSA-PLH, 2012). The virus is transmitted by thrips in a persistent propagative mode (Ullman et al., 1993; Wijkamp et al., 1993). Because of the persistence of TSWV in the vectors, the virus can be carried by infected plant material but also by viruliferous thrips, which can be present on a consignment that is infected with TSVW or even on consignments of non-host plants of the virus. The interception reports in EUROPHYT (very few) indicate that TSWV is found mostly in consignments of ornamentals. No interception has been reported on Solanum melongena from 1996 to 2012. TSWV and viruliferous thrips are being transported in living planting material and will survive transport and storage as long as their hosts remain alive (EFSA-PLH, 2012).

?

No details of any impact on ornamental eggplant (S. melonega ) could be found, though it is assumed they may react to infection in a similar way.

Major

No

Candidate

Impact is evaluated as major, by extrapolation from the vegetable use.

candidate

Evaluation continues

The pest is listed in EPPO PM 4/28 Standard. However because deregulation was suggested by the NL in reply to the RNQP Questionnaire in view of its pathway, evaluation continues especially on the pathway.

Candidate

TSWV has an extremely wide host range with more than 1 300 plants including agricultural crops (such as Solanum tuberosum), wild and weed species (Parrella et al., 2003; Peters, 2003). As all the tospoviruses, TSWV is not transmitted through seeds of infected plants (EU COM, 2016). TSWV is a systemic pathogen and, as such, it is very efficiently transmitted by all vegetative multiplication techniques (EFSA-PLH, 2012). The virus is transmitted by thrips in a persistent propagative mode (Ullman et al., 1993; Wijkamp et al., 1993). Because of the persistence of TSWV in the vectors, the virus can be carried by infected plant material but also by viruliferous thrips, which can be present on a consignment that is infected with TSVW or even on consignments of non-host plants of the virus. The interception reports in EUROPHYT (very few) indicate that TSWV is found mostly in consignments of ornamentals and in 2011 and 2012 it has been reported four times on Lycopersicon esculentum. TSWV and viruliferous thrips are being transported in living planting material and will survive transport and storage as long as their hosts remain alive (EFSA-PLH, 2012).
As concluded by the IIA2 AWG, experts considered that plants for planting (excluding seeds) is a significant pathway compared to other pathways.

Yes

TSWV is considered a very serious pathogen of tomatoes and has a similarly high impact on other crops such as potato (EFSA PLH, 2012). TSWV can cause high damage on all host plants, including stunted growth, reduced yield and mortality of infected plants, reduced tubers quality and unappealing effects on leaves (EU COM, 2016). Potato yield losses due to the disease vary greatly from place to place and year to year and may range in India from 15 to 30% (Khurana et al., 2001). TSWV has become increasingly important in potato plantations in Hungary (Pribek et al., 2000). Indirect effects are also recorded: when infected with TSWV, plant propagation material, such as potato tubers, can no longer be used (EFSA PLH, 2012). The SEWG added that major impact have been seen when Frankliniella occidentalis first appeared.

Major

No

Remark: Unacceptable economic impact caused to other hosts produced at the same place of production depends on the presence of the vector.

candidate