| Legend |
|---|
| Justification for qualification based on EPPO PM 4 Standards |
| Justification for disqualification |
| Additional or non-conclusive information |
| Standard text |
NAME OF THE ORGANISM: Phytophthora cryptogea sensu lato (PHYTCR)
GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE PEST
Name as submitted in the project specification (if different):
Phytophthora cryptogea
Pest category:
Chromista
1- Identity of the pest/Level of taxonomic listing:
Is the organism clearly a single taxonomic entity and can it be adequately distinguished from other entities of the same rank?
Yes
Is the pest defined at the species level or lower?:
Yes
Can listing of the pest at a taxonomic level higher than species be supported by scientific reasons or can species be identified within the taxonomic rank which are the (main) pests of concern?
- Not relevant: Fruits (including hops) sector
If necessary, please list the species:
-
Is it justified that the pest is listed at a taxonomic rank below species level?
Not relevant
Conclusion:
- Candidate: Fruits (including hops) sector
Justification (if necessary):
Phytophthora cryptogea is now considered a species complex (P. cryptogea sensu lato versus P. cryptogea sensu stricto) (Safaiefarahani et al., 2015).
2 – Status in the EU:
Is this pest already a quarantine pest for the whole EU?
No
Presence in the EU:
Yes
List of countries (EPPO Global Database):
Austria (1992); Belgium (2009); Bulgaria (2010); Croatia (2006); Czech Republic (2011); Denmark (1993); France (2006); Germany (2010); Greece (2010); Hungary (1986); Ireland (2005); Italy (2011); Italy/Sicilia (2005); Netherlands (1992); Poland (2011); Spain (2009); Sweden (2010)
Conclusion:
Candidate
Justification (if necessary):
Data of the presence of this pest on the EU territory are available in EPPO Global Database (https://gd.eppo.int/).
HOST PLANT N°1: Pistacia vera (PIAVE) for the Fruits (including hops) sector.
Origin of the listing:
Commission Implementing Directive (EU) 2014/98/EU and Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072
Plants for planting:
Plants intended for planting
3 - Is the pest already listed in a PM4 standard on the concerned host plant?
No
Conclusion:
Evaluation continues
Justification (if necessary):
This plant species has no EPPO PM4 Standards, and the pest is not mentioned in other PM4 standards
4 - Are the listed plants for planting the main* pathway for the "pest/host/intended use" combination? (*: significant compared to others):
No
Conclusion:
Not candidate
Justification:
Phytophthora cryptogea has a wide host range (Plantwise Knowledge Bank, 2022), including Pisacia vera (Banihashemi, 1995). P. cryptogea is a serious plant pathogen in many countries, causing great damage especially to tomato and ornamentals grown in nurseries, greenhouses and hydroponics (Plantwise knowledge bank, 2022), like hydroponic cultivation of lettuce (Vlasselaer et al., 2024). Phytophthora has been found in 6% of the ornamental nurseries surveyed and on numerous hosts (Agave sp., Arbutus unedo, Buxus sempervirens, Jasminum sp., Lavandula spp., Pistacia lentiscus, Rosmarinus officinalis) (Pérez-Sierra et al., 2012).
It has been reported to be transported with plant material (e.g. Jung et al., 2016), but it is foremost a soil-borne disease which is spread by contaminated soil like potting mix and contaminated vehicles etc. (Parke et al., 2019; Benavent-Celma et al., 2023; McDougall & Liew, 2024).
P. cryptogea is spread with poorly drained soils under wet conditions, and effluents and recirculation water (MacDonald et al., 1994; Parke et al., 2019). Proper cultural practices and disinfection are important for reducing or preventing P. cryptogea-induced diseases (e.g. Parke et al., 2019).
However, because of the wide host range and longevity of inoculum sources in the environment, planting material (transplants) are not considered to be the main pathway for introduction under outdoor field conditions. Transplants produced under at-risk situations could be considered the main pathway if the intended use was for a protected facility that used uninfested soil media and had been thoroughly cleaned of potential infection sources before use.
It has been reported to be transported with plant material (e.g. Jung et al., 2016), but it is foremost a soil-borne disease which is spread by contaminated soil like potting mix and contaminated vehicles etc. (Parke et al., 2019; Benavent-Celma et al., 2023; McDougall & Liew, 2024).
P. cryptogea is spread with poorly drained soils under wet conditions, and effluents and recirculation water (MacDonald et al., 1994; Parke et al., 2019). Proper cultural practices and disinfection are important for reducing or preventing P. cryptogea-induced diseases (e.g. Parke et al., 2019).
However, because of the wide host range and longevity of inoculum sources in the environment, planting material (transplants) are not considered to be the main pathway for introduction under outdoor field conditions. Transplants produced under at-risk situations could be considered the main pathway if the intended use was for a protected facility that used uninfested soil media and had been thoroughly cleaned of potential infection sources before use.
5 - Economic impact:
Are there documented reports of any economic impact on the host?
No
Justification:
Pistacia vera has been identified as a host of Phytophthora cryptogea and can be linked to gummosis in Pistacia. There are limited reports of Phytothora spp. infections in pistachio from Europe, since its production is relatively small compared to other areas in the world like Iran and USA, and also compared to other nuts (pistachio 1% of total nut production - walnut, hazelnut etc. - mostly produced in Greece and Italy) (Avanzatoa et al., 2009). Nowadays, the world's main producing countries are USA (523.900 tonnes), Iran (135.000 tonnes), Turkey (119.355 tonnes), China (78.818 tonnes), Syria (43.104 t), Spain (19.889 tonnes) and Tunisia (3.123 tonnes) (FAOSTAT, 2021; MAPA, 2022).
In the major production areas outside Europe other Phytophthora spp. were linked to diseases in pistachio e.g. in southern Iran Phytophthora citrophthora seemed to be the predominant species in most pistachio growing regions, P. drechsleri appears to be also of great concern in Kerman province. Other Phytophthora species like P. cryptogea and P. nicotianae were also occasionally isolated from pistachio (Banihashemi, 1995). In 2001 two other Phytophthora spp. were identified causing gummosis in Kerman province in Iran: Phytophthora pistaciae and P. melonis. Also in California pistachio is subject to diseases caused by Phytophthora spp., where pistachio is subject to root and crown rots and trunk and branch cankers. Trees show poor vigour; leaf yellowing, wilting, and scorching; and shoot and branch dieback. Infected roots become necrotic, with dark brown to black discoloration of the cortex and stele. Small roots eventually disintegrate. Cankers develop at the root crown and may extend above the soil line. Infected pistachio bark turns brown to black. Active cankers often ooze and release a light cream exudate in balls, strands, or puddles. The exudate is not diagnostic because other diseases and injuries to the trunk will result in sap release (UC-IPM, 2019). Pistachio tree decline was linked to Phytophthora niederhauserii, P. mediterranea and Phytophthora Taxon Walnut, causing crown an root rot (Trouillas et al., 2022).
In pistachio orchards from the Mediterranean basin and California, several species of Phytophthora have been associated with crown and root rot diseases, often in heavy soils prone to waterlogging, with symptoms of yellowing and wilting of the canopy, poor vigour, crown rot, gummosis and ultimately tree death. Among these, P. pistaciae and P. melonis are the most important in Iran, although P. citrophthora, P. cryptogea, P. nicotianae, P. mediterranea and P. parsiana are also present. P. palmivora has also been reported from Turkey (see references in Gusella et al., 2024).
During field surveys carried out in Spain and other European countries (e.g. Italy), P. cryptogea has not been found affecting Pistacia. Therefore, it cannot currently be considered a pathogen with high economic impact in the EU (Agustí C. (UCO), pers. comm., 2024).
In the major production areas outside Europe other Phytophthora spp. were linked to diseases in pistachio e.g. in southern Iran Phytophthora citrophthora seemed to be the predominant species in most pistachio growing regions, P. drechsleri appears to be also of great concern in Kerman province. Other Phytophthora species like P. cryptogea and P. nicotianae were also occasionally isolated from pistachio (Banihashemi, 1995). In 2001 two other Phytophthora spp. were identified causing gummosis in Kerman province in Iran: Phytophthora pistaciae and P. melonis. Also in California pistachio is subject to diseases caused by Phytophthora spp., where pistachio is subject to root and crown rots and trunk and branch cankers. Trees show poor vigour; leaf yellowing, wilting, and scorching; and shoot and branch dieback. Infected roots become necrotic, with dark brown to black discoloration of the cortex and stele. Small roots eventually disintegrate. Cankers develop at the root crown and may extend above the soil line. Infected pistachio bark turns brown to black. Active cankers often ooze and release a light cream exudate in balls, strands, or puddles. The exudate is not diagnostic because other diseases and injuries to the trunk will result in sap release (UC-IPM, 2019). Pistachio tree decline was linked to Phytophthora niederhauserii, P. mediterranea and Phytophthora Taxon Walnut, causing crown an root rot (Trouillas et al., 2022).
In pistachio orchards from the Mediterranean basin and California, several species of Phytophthora have been associated with crown and root rot diseases, often in heavy soils prone to waterlogging, with symptoms of yellowing and wilting of the canopy, poor vigour, crown rot, gummosis and ultimately tree death. Among these, P. pistaciae and P. melonis are the most important in Iran, although P. citrophthora, P. cryptogea, P. nicotianae, P. mediterranea and P. parsiana are also present. P. palmivora has also been reported from Turkey (see references in Gusella et al., 2024).
During field surveys carried out in Spain and other European countries (e.g. Italy), P. cryptogea has not been found affecting Pistacia. Therefore, it cannot currently be considered a pathogen with high economic impact in the EU (Agustí C. (UCO), pers. comm., 2024).
What is the likely economic impact of the pest irrespective of its infestation source in the absence of phytosanitary measures? (= official measures)
Minimal
Is the economic impact due to the presence of the pest on the named host plant for planting, acceptable to the propagation and end user sectors concerned?
Is there unacceptable economic impact caused to other hosts (or the same host with a different intended use) produced at the same place of production due to the transfer of the pest from the named host plant for planting?
No
Conclusion:
Justification:
There is no data on its actual impact on Pistacia vera under EU growing conditions. In those regions where it has been documented (e.g. Iran), P. cryptogea is only one of the many associated Phytophthora species and is often not the most important ones.
6 - Are there feasible and effective measures available to prevent the presence of the pest on the plants for planting at an incidence above a certain threshold (including zero) to avoid an unacceptable economic impact as regards the relevant host plants?
Conclusion:
Justification:
7- Is the quality of the data sufficient to recommend the pest to be listed as a RNQP?
Conclusion:
Justification:
CONCLUSION ON THE STATUS:
Disqualified: no data on its actual impact on pistacia under EU growing conditions, plants for planting not a significant pathway.
8 - Tolerance level:
Is there a need to change the Tolerance level:
Yes
Proposed Tolerance levels:
Delisting
9 - Risk management measures:
Is there a need to change the Risk management measure:
Yes
Proposed Risk management measure:
Delisting
REFERENCES:
- Avanzatoa D, Vaccaro A & Bevilacqua D (2009) A Short Review of Nut Industry in EU. Acta Horticulturae 825, 41-48.
- Banihashemi Z (1995). Identification of Phytophthora species associated with pistachio gummosis in southern Iran. Acta Horticulturae 419, 349-352. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.1995.419.58
- Benavent-Celma C, McLaggan D, van West P & Woodward S (2023). Survival of Phytophthora cryptogea and Phytophthora cactorum in commercial potting substrates for Eucalyptus globulus plants. Agriculture 13(3), 581.
- Erwin DC & Ribeiro OK (1996). Phytophthora Diseases Worldwide. St Paul, Minnesota, USA: American Phytopathological Society Press.
- FAOSTAT (2021) Cultivos y productos de ganadería. https://www.fao.org/faostat/es/#data/QCL
- Gusella G, López-Moral A, Antón-Domínguez BI, Trapero C, Polizzi G, Trapero A, Michailides TJ, Agustí-Brisach C (2024) Current status of pistachio diseases in countries of the Mediterranean Basin. Plant Pathology 00, 1–25. doi: 10.1111/ppa.13962
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- MAPA (2022) Anuario de Estadística. https://www.mapa.gob.es/es/estadistica/temas/publicaciones/anuario-de-estadistica/2022/default.aspx
- McDougall KL & Liew ECY (2024) Dispersal of Phytophthora species by off-road vehicles in New South Wales. Australasian Plant Pathology 53(1), 63-65.
- Mirabolfathy M, Cooke DEL, Duncan JM, Williams NA, Ershad D & Alizadeh A (2001). Phytophthora pistaciae sp. nov. and P. melonis: the principal causes of pistachio gummosis in Iran. Mycological Research 105(10), 1166-1175.
- Parke JL, Redekar NR, Eberhart JL & Funahashi F (2019). Hazard analysis for Phytophthora species in container nurseries: three case studies. HortTechnology 29(6), 745-755. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTTECH04304-19.
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- UC-IPM (2019) Phytophthora root and crown rot. In Pistachio Pest management guidelines. University of California publication 3461, 60. https://ipm.ucanr.edu/legacy_assets/pdf/pmg/pmgpistachio.pdf
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