| Legend |
|---|
| Justification for qualification based on EPPO PM 4 Standards |
| Justification for disqualification |
| Additional or non-conclusive information |
| Standard text |
NAME OF THE ORGANISM: Xiphinema index (XIPHIN)
GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE PEST
Name as submitted in the project specification (if different):
Pest category:
Nematoda
1- Identity of the pest/Level of taxonomic listing:
Is the organism clearly a single taxonomic entity and can it be adequately distinguished from other entities of the same rank?
Yes
Is the pest defined at the species level or lower?:
Yes
Can listing of the pest at a taxonomic level higher than species be supported by scientific reasons or can species be identified within the taxonomic rank which are the (main) pests of concern?
- Not relevant: Fruits (including hops) sector
If necessary, please list the species:
-
Is it justified that the pest is listed at a taxonomic rank below species level?
Not relevant
Conclusion:
- Candidate: Fruits (including hops) sector
Justification (if necessary):
-
2 – Status in the EU:
Is this pest already a quarantine pest for the whole EU?
No
Presence in the EU:
Yes
List of countries (EPPO Global Database):
Austria (2000); Bulgaria (2000); Croatia (2000); Cyprus (2011); Czech Republic (2000); France (2000); Germany (2014); Greece (2000); Greece/Kriti (2000); Hungary (2011); Italy (2000); Italy/Sicilia (2000); Italy/Sardegna (2000); Malta (1995); Poland (2000); Portugal (1993); Romania (2000); Slovakia (2000); Slovenia (1996); Spain (2011); Spain/Islas Canárias (2000); Spain/Islas Baleares (2000)
Conclusion:
Candidate
Justification (if necessary):
Data of the presence of this pest on the EU territory are available in EPPO Global Database (https://gd.eppo.int/).
HOST PLANT N°1: Pistacia vera (PIAVE) for the Fruits (including hops) sector.
Origin of the listing:
Commission Implementing Directive (EU) 2014/98/EU and Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072
Plants for planting:
Plants intended for planting, except seeds
3 - Is the pest already listed in a PM4 standard on the concerned host plant?
No
Conclusion:
Evaluation continues
Justification (if necessary):
In the responses to the questionnaire, NL questioned the classification of organisms with vector properties as RNQP when not causing any direct impact. The methodology developed during the RNQP Project part I indicated that ‘Impact of vectors pathogens combinations may need to be considered as well as direct impact’. According to Regulation 2016/2031, Annex I, section 4 'Criteria to identify pests which qualify as a Union regulated non-quarantine pest' (as referred to in Articles 36 and 38), the ‘effects on the establishment, spread and impact of other pests, for example due to the capacity of the pest concerned to act as a vector for other pests’ should be considered for economic impact. According to ISPM 21, Section 3.3.1, ‘The ability to act as a vector for other pests may nevertheless be a relevant factor.’ Although, opportunity of listing such pests in the EU regulation is a decision by risk managers, EPPO had a general discussion in the Fruit SEWG on this issue.
NL also argued that the pest was soilborne and present in production areas (see analysis of the main pathway).
NL also argued that the pest was soilborne and present in production areas (see analysis of the main pathway).
4 - Are the listed plants for planting the main* pathway for the "pest/host/intended use" combination? (*: significant compared to others):
No
Conclusion:
Not candidate
Justification:
The most important host plant for Xiphinema index is grapevine, Vitis vinifera (Nemaplex, 2024, CABI, 2021). Besides this host, other host-plant species include fig (Ficus carica), apple (Malus), rose (Rosa sp.), pistachio (Pistacia vera) and a few other, mainly perennial, species (Nemaplex, 2024; CABI, 2021; Weiner & Raski, 1966; Kasapoğlu Uludamar et al., 2018).
Xiphinema index is the vector of grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) (Hewitt et al., 1970; Van Zyl et al., 2012). The main pathway in the transfer of plant viruses is the use of infected 'production material' (e.g. plants for planting). Even a small number of nematodes that will be found in the soil residues in the root zone of plants taken from infected areas can cause diseases to be transmitted to new planting areas. Öztürk et al. (2023) linked the introduction of GFLV and Xiphinema index from Europe to other countries to infected material.
Xiphinema index is not known to be carried by seeds (CABI, 2021).
Plants for planting with soil is considered as a significant pathway.
This nematode is relatively widespread. However, it is not known whether it is already present in most fields:
In Spain, X. index is widespread in all winegrowing areas (Palomares-Rius et al., 2011), present in 12.5 % of samples collected from commercial vineyard soils in southern Spain (Tèliz et al., 2007) and 0.3% of samples collected from soils of commercial olive plantations in southern Spain (Archidona-Yuste et al., 2019).
The Fruit SEWG considered that this free living nematode was very vulnerable. Even when plants for planting are cultivated in the field, new substrate is generally used for repotting. The substrate used is most often cleaned/steamed, bought from professional operators, and the risk that these nematodes are transported with plants for planting is considered limited.
Considering production practices and uncertainty on distribution, the Fruit SEWG concluded that plants for planting should not be considered a significant pathway.
Xiphinema index is the vector of grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) (Hewitt et al., 1970; Van Zyl et al., 2012). The main pathway in the transfer of plant viruses is the use of infected 'production material' (e.g. plants for planting). Even a small number of nematodes that will be found in the soil residues in the root zone of plants taken from infected areas can cause diseases to be transmitted to new planting areas. Öztürk et al. (2023) linked the introduction of GFLV and Xiphinema index from Europe to other countries to infected material.
Xiphinema index is not known to be carried by seeds (CABI, 2021).
Plants for planting with soil is considered as a significant pathway.
This nematode is relatively widespread. However, it is not known whether it is already present in most fields:
In Spain, X. index is widespread in all winegrowing areas (Palomares-Rius et al., 2011), present in 12.5 % of samples collected from commercial vineyard soils in southern Spain (Tèliz et al., 2007) and 0.3% of samples collected from soils of commercial olive plantations in southern Spain (Archidona-Yuste et al., 2019).
The Fruit SEWG considered that this free living nematode was very vulnerable. Even when plants for planting are cultivated in the field, new substrate is generally used for repotting. The substrate used is most often cleaned/steamed, bought from professional operators, and the risk that these nematodes are transported with plants for planting is considered limited.
Considering production practices and uncertainty on distribution, the Fruit SEWG concluded that plants for planting should not be considered a significant pathway.
5 - Economic impact:
Are there documented reports of any economic impact on the host?
No
Justification:
X. index is primary a pest of grapevine, There have been few studies on plant-parasitic nematodes on Pistacia spp.
Although Xiphinema index has been reported from pistachio (Weiner & Raski, 1966; Kasapoğlu Uludamar et al., 2018), there are no records on impact available, as are for grape. There are also no records of GFLV in pistachio (Al Rwahnih et al., 2018; Barani et al., 2022; Ismaeil & Mando, 2022).
Although Xiphinema index has been reported from pistachio (Weiner & Raski, 1966; Kasapoğlu Uludamar et al., 2018), there are no records on impact available, as are for grape. There are also no records of GFLV in pistachio (Al Rwahnih et al., 2018; Barani et al., 2022; Ismaeil & Mando, 2022).
What is the likely economic impact of the pest irrespective of its infestation source in the absence of phytosanitary measures? (= official measures)
Is the economic impact due to the presence of the pest on the named host plant for planting, acceptable to the propagation and end user sectors concerned?
Is there unacceptable economic impact caused to other hosts (or the same host with a different intended use) produced at the same place of production due to the transfer of the pest from the named host plant for planting?
No
Conclusion:
Not candidate
Justification:
Replanting other host plants in the same fields may be subject to unacceptable economic impact (Scotto La Masesse, 1988; CABI, 2024). However, there is no close association between pistacio and grapevine to justify a listing as an RNQP based on indirect effects.
6 - Are there feasible and effective measures available to prevent the presence of the pest on the plants for planting at an incidence above a certain threshold (including zero) to avoid an unacceptable economic impact as regards the relevant host plants?
Yes
Conclusion:
Justification:
Changing of production places (fields), longer crop rotation, sampling and testing of production nurseries/substrates, desinfection of propagating material (plants, grafts, rootstocks), desinfection of production facilities and machinery, cleaning of irrigation water, etc.
7- Is the quality of the data sufficient to recommend the pest to be listed as a RNQP?
Conclusion:
Justification:
CONCLUSION ON THE STATUS:
Disqualified: plants for planting not considered as a significant pathway and no report of economic impact by the nematode or the viruses vectored on this host.
8 - Tolerance level:
Is there a need to change the Tolerance level:
Yes
Proposed Tolerance levels:
Delisting
9 - Risk management measures:
Is there a need to change the Risk management measure:
Yes
Proposed Risk management measure:
Delisting
REFERENCES:
- Al Rwahnih M, Rowhani A, Westrick N, Stevens K, Diaz-Lara A, Trouillas FP, Preece J, Kallsen C, Farrar K & Glino D (2018) Discovery of viruses and virus-like pathogens in pistachio using high-throughput sequencing. Plant Disease 102, 1419–1425.
- Archidona-Yuste A, Wiegand T, Castillo P, Navas-Cortès JA (2019) Dataset on the diversity of plant-parasitic nematodes in cultivated olive trees in southern Spain. Data article 27, 104658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2019.104658
- Barani S, Massumi H, Maddahian M, Heydarnejad J & Hosseinipour A (2022) Molecular detection and identification of Hop stunt viroid isolates infecting grapevines in some regions of Iran. Agricultural Biotechnology Journal 14(3), 127-150.
- CABI (2024) CABI Compendium datasheet. Xiphinema index (fan-leaf virus nematode). https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/full/10.1079/cabicompendium.57032. Accessed (02/09/2024)
- Hewitt WB, Martelli G, Dias HF & Taylor RH (1970) Grapevine fanleaf virus. Descriptions of Plant viruses no. 28. https://www.dpvweb.net/dpv/showdpv/?dpvno=28
- Ismaeil F & Mando J (2022) Viruses, viroids and phytoplasmas reported to infect fruit trees in Syria: A review. Arab Journal of Plant Protection 40(1), 78-88. https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-040.1.078088
- Kasapoğlu Uludamar EB, Yıldız Ş, Imren M., Öcal A & Elekçioğlu IH (2018) Occurrence of plant parasitic nematode species in important crops in the Southeast Anatolia Region of Turkey. Turkish Journal of Entomology 421), 63-74. doi: 10.16970/entoted.359616.
- Nemaplex.UCDavis.edu: Revision Date: 05/20/2024; Accessed (27/May/2024)
- Öztürk L, Behmand T, Öcal A, Avci GG & Elekcioğlu IH (2023) New data on plant hosts of Longidoridae and Trichodoridae nematodes in Türkiye. Plant Protection Bulletin [Bitki Koruma Bülteni] 63(3), 5-16.
- Palomares-Rius JE, Gutierrez-Gutierrez C & Castillo P (2011) Transmisor del virus del entrenudo corto de la vid (Xiphinema index). En “Enfermedades causadas por nematodos fitoparásitos en España”. M. V. Phytoma-España, S.L. (PHYTOMA-España) en colaboración con la Sociedad Española de Fitopatología (SEF).
- Scotto La Massese C, Minot JC, Voisin R, Castaing LRM & Fabre A (1988) Relationship between soil type, previous crop and age of plantation on the composition and the distribution of the nematofauna associated with vineyards of the south-east of France. Acta Oecologica, Oecologia Applicata, 9(2):137.
- Téliz D, Landa BB, Rapoport HF Pérez Camacho F, Jiménez-Diaz RM & Castillo P (2007) Plant-parasitic nematodes infecting grapevine in southern Spain and susceptible reaction to root-knot nematodes of rootstocks reported as moderately resistant. Plant Disease 91, 1147-1154.
- Tiefenbrunner W, Gangl H, Leitner G, Riedle-Bauer M & Tiefenbrunner A (2011) Verbreitung und Häufigkeit wurzelparasitärer Nematoden der Familie Longidoridae in den Weinbauregionen Österreichs. Mitteilungen Klosterneuburg 61, 121-144.
- UC Davis (2024) http://nemaplex.ucdavis.edu/Taxadata/G143s3.aspx. Accessed (02/09/2024)
- Van Zyl S, Vivier MA & Walker MA (2012) Xiphinema index and its relationship to grapevines: A review. South African Journal of Enology and Viticulture 33(1), 21-32.
- Weiner A & Raski DJ (1966) New host records for Xiphinema index Thorne & Allen. Plant Disease Reporter 30, 27-28.
- Westphal A, Maung ZTZ & Buzo TR (2024) Susceptibility and sensitivity of pistachio rootstocks to Pratylenchus vulnus. European Journal of Horticultural Science 89(3). https://doi.org/10.17660/eJHS.2024/011.