| Legend |
|---|
| Justification for qualification based on EPPO PM 4 Standards |
| Justification for disqualification |
| Additional or non-conclusive information |
| Standard text |
NAME OF THE ORGANISM: Pratylenchus vulnus (PRATVU)
GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE PEST
Name as submitted in the project specification (if different):
Pest category:
Nematoda
1- Identity of the pest/Level of taxonomic listing:
Is the organism clearly a single taxonomic entity and can it be adequately distinguished from other entities of the same rank?
Yes
Is the pest defined at the species level or lower?:
Yes
Can listing of the pest at a taxonomic level higher than species be supported by scientific reasons or can species be identified within the taxonomic rank which are the (main) pests of concern?
- Not relevant: Fruits (including hops) sector
If necessary, please list the species:
-
Is it justified that the pest is listed at a taxonomic rank below species level?
Not relevant
Conclusion:
- Candidate: Fruits (including hops) sector
Justification (if necessary):
Remarks:
- Fortunella is considered to be a synonym of Citrus by some authors. Using SSRs markers, Fortunella clusters within the genus Citrus (Barkley et al., 2006). These should be considered the same genus.
- Poncirus is considered to be a synonym of Citrus by some authors, and is categorized as such in EPPO GD. However, when using SSRs markers, Poncirus is a sister genus to Citrus (Barkley et al., 2006). In addition, one chromosomal marker can be used to distinguish Poncirus from Citrus species (Brasileiro Vidal et al., 2007). Whether to consider these as synonym or not is still a matter of debate.
- Fortunella is considered to be a synonym of Citrus by some authors. Using SSRs markers, Fortunella clusters within the genus Citrus (Barkley et al., 2006). These should be considered the same genus.
- Poncirus is considered to be a synonym of Citrus by some authors, and is categorized as such in EPPO GD. However, when using SSRs markers, Poncirus is a sister genus to Citrus (Barkley et al., 2006). In addition, one chromosomal marker can be used to distinguish Poncirus from Citrus species (Brasileiro Vidal et al., 2007). Whether to consider these as synonym or not is still a matter of debate.
2 – Status in the EU:
Is this pest already a quarantine pest for the whole EU?
No
Presence in the EU:
Yes
List of countries (EPPO Global Database):
Belgium (2002); Bulgaria (2002); Denmark (2002); Finland (2011); France (2002); Germany (2002); Greece (2002); Italy (2002); Netherlands (2002); Spain (2002)
Conclusion:
Candidate
Justification (if necessary):
Pratylenchus vulnus is present mostly on woody plants in warmer (subtropical and Mediterranean) climates in different continents (Moens & Perry, 2009). Data of the presence of this pest on the EU territory are available in EPPO Global Database (https://gd.eppo.int/).
HOST PLANT N°1: Prunus domestica (PRNDO) for the Fruits (including hops) sector.
Origin of the listing:
Commission Implementing Directive (EU) 2014/98/EU and Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072
Plants for planting:
Plants intended for planting
3 - Is the pest already listed in a PM4 standard on the concerned host plant?
No
Conclusion:
Evaluation continues
Justification (if necessary):
Remark: The assessment performed covers the given host species as well as interspecific hybrids with other Prunus species.
4 - Are the listed plants for planting the main* pathway for the "pest/host/intended use" combination? (*: significant compared to others):
Yes
Conclusion:
Candidate
Justification:
Pratylenchus vulnus had a more limited host range compared to P. penetrans (PlantwisePlus Knowledge Bank 2023; aaltjesschema, 2019). It has been reported on e.g. Pistacia vera (Pinochet et al., 1992), Malus and Pyrus (Fernandez et al., 1992), Cydonia (Calvet et al., 1995), Ficus carica (Plantwise Knowledge Bank, 2023). Prunus species are important hosts of Pratylenchus vulnus (Plantwise Knowledge Bank, 2023), e.g. Prunus armeniaca (Askary et al., 2012), Prunus domestica (CABI, 2021), Prunus persica (Simeone, 1993), Prunus dulcis (UC-IPM, 2019). Pratylenchus vulnus has also been reported from Fragaria, but mainly from Asia (Mohotti et al, 1997, Ko et al., 2017; Wakibe H, Ito F & Higashizima), Australia (Colbran, 1974) and Uruguay (Minagawa & Maeso-Tozzi, 1990).
Pratylenchus spp. are migratory endoparasites that enter the host root for feeding and reproduction and move freely within the tissue. Consequently, they spend much of their life cycle in roots and are found in soil when the host plants are senescing, stressed or diseased, or when their hosts have been ploughed up after harvest (Castillo and Vovlas, 2007).
The transport of infected plants or those growing in infested soils is one of the principal means by which these nematodes are disseminated (Lehman, 1994; Anonymous, 1999). Bare-rooted plants are often contaminated by soil particles which may contain nematodes. Roots can host endoparasitic nematodes that are not removed by washing treatments (Lehman, 1994). In this context, it is essential that the plant propagation material be free of this pathogen (Allen, 1949).
Pratylenchus vulnus can also be spread by equipment and other human activities that can move soils from infested to non-infested sites. The nematodes can also be spread by drainage, irrigation, or flood water (Corbett, 1974). These pathogens are readily disseminated when field runoff water used in irrigation is reused in other fields (Lehman, 1994). In Spain, Pratylenchus were found in 60% of the samples from irrigation canals where they sampled (Tobar y Palacios, 1974). However, measures (including hygiene) can limit the importance of other pathways than plant for planting. In particular, according to Lehman (1994), most of the damage to fig, peach and olive crops caused by Pratylenchus vulnus could be prevented with sanitation and certification programs that produce nematode-free seedlings.
On its own, Pratylenchus species can move 1-2 m per season from an infected root.
Considering the numerous bibliographic references that highlight the importance of plants for planting as an important pathway, and the existence of measures that can reduce the role of the others reported pathways, host plants for planting with roots, with or without soil or growing media, are considered as a main pathway.
Pratylenchus spp. are migratory endoparasites that enter the host root for feeding and reproduction and move freely within the tissue. Consequently, they spend much of their life cycle in roots and are found in soil when the host plants are senescing, stressed or diseased, or when their hosts have been ploughed up after harvest (Castillo and Vovlas, 2007).
The transport of infected plants or those growing in infested soils is one of the principal means by which these nematodes are disseminated (Lehman, 1994; Anonymous, 1999). Bare-rooted plants are often contaminated by soil particles which may contain nematodes. Roots can host endoparasitic nematodes that are not removed by washing treatments (Lehman, 1994). In this context, it is essential that the plant propagation material be free of this pathogen (Allen, 1949).
Pratylenchus vulnus can also be spread by equipment and other human activities that can move soils from infested to non-infested sites. The nematodes can also be spread by drainage, irrigation, or flood water (Corbett, 1974). These pathogens are readily disseminated when field runoff water used in irrigation is reused in other fields (Lehman, 1994). In Spain, Pratylenchus were found in 60% of the samples from irrigation canals where they sampled (Tobar y Palacios, 1974). However, measures (including hygiene) can limit the importance of other pathways than plant for planting. In particular, according to Lehman (1994), most of the damage to fig, peach and olive crops caused by Pratylenchus vulnus could be prevented with sanitation and certification programs that produce nematode-free seedlings.
On its own, Pratylenchus species can move 1-2 m per season from an infected root.
Considering the numerous bibliographic references that highlight the importance of plants for planting as an important pathway, and the existence of measures that can reduce the role of the others reported pathways, host plants for planting with roots, with or without soil or growing media, are considered as a main pathway.
5 - Economic impact:
Are there documented reports of any economic impact on the host?
Yes
Justification:
Prunus spp.:
Most Prunus spp. are suitable hosts of Pratylenchus vulnus (Plantwise Knowledge Bank, 2023). In general, symptoms linked to nematode problems are indicative, not diagnostic, because they are general effects of damage to roots and can result from either biotic or abiotic causes (UC IPM, 2017b).
In Spain, Pratylenchus vulnus has been found in nurseries and commercial orchards and has been pathogenic on several Prunus rootstocks (Pinochet et al., 1991, 1993). This migratory endoparasitic nematode causes the destruction of the root system, which results in loss of vigour and yield in young and mature trees. The economic importance of lesion nematodes in the development of orchard replant problems has been recognized for the last 40 years (Bertrand, 1989; Nyczepir and Halbrendt, 1993; cited from Plantwise Knowledge Databank, 2023).
Prunus domestica, Prunus dulcis:
Root lesion nematodes damage roots by moving through cortical tissues and feeding in these areas.
Belowground, nematodes activity stunts root growth and reduces the tree's ability to take in water and nutrients. Because of this, nematode-infested trees may have poorly developed root systems. Nematode feeding also creates entry points for other disease organisms.
Aboveground, lack of vigour, small leaves, dieback of twigs, and yield reduction are typical symptoms of nematode damage. Nematodes are usually distributed unevenly throughout an orchard resulting in patches of low vigour trees. (UC IPM, 2017c, d).
Pratylenchus vulnus is associated with replant problems in pome and stone fruit trees. It is estimated that the losses caused by this pest worldwide in fruit species is around 5% on average, although in specific situations, in plantations with high infestations, losses can exceed 30%. These losses are not manifested in tree mortality, but in a decrease in production and smaller fruit size (Pinochet, 2011). Pathogenicity studies conducted in Spain and France indicate that Pratylenchus vulnus is damaging to apple, pear, quince and several Prunus rootstocks including plum (references in Pinochet et al., 1998).
It is worth mentioning that it is difficult to accurately measure the damage that these nematodes can cause because infested roots are normally invaded by soil microorganisms, mainly secondary fungi and bacteria, which contribute to promote root tissue rotting and masking the effect of the primary pathogen (Pinochet, 2011).
Most Prunus spp. are suitable hosts of Pratylenchus vulnus (Plantwise Knowledge Bank, 2023). In general, symptoms linked to nematode problems are indicative, not diagnostic, because they are general effects of damage to roots and can result from either biotic or abiotic causes (UC IPM, 2017b).
In Spain, Pratylenchus vulnus has been found in nurseries and commercial orchards and has been pathogenic on several Prunus rootstocks (Pinochet et al., 1991, 1993). This migratory endoparasitic nematode causes the destruction of the root system, which results in loss of vigour and yield in young and mature trees. The economic importance of lesion nematodes in the development of orchard replant problems has been recognized for the last 40 years (Bertrand, 1989; Nyczepir and Halbrendt, 1993; cited from Plantwise Knowledge Databank, 2023).
Prunus domestica, Prunus dulcis:
Root lesion nematodes damage roots by moving through cortical tissues and feeding in these areas.
Belowground, nematodes activity stunts root growth and reduces the tree's ability to take in water and nutrients. Because of this, nematode-infested trees may have poorly developed root systems. Nematode feeding also creates entry points for other disease organisms.
Aboveground, lack of vigour, small leaves, dieback of twigs, and yield reduction are typical symptoms of nematode damage. Nematodes are usually distributed unevenly throughout an orchard resulting in patches of low vigour trees. (UC IPM, 2017c, d).
Pratylenchus vulnus is associated with replant problems in pome and stone fruit trees. It is estimated that the losses caused by this pest worldwide in fruit species is around 5% on average, although in specific situations, in plantations with high infestations, losses can exceed 30%. These losses are not manifested in tree mortality, but in a decrease in production and smaller fruit size (Pinochet, 2011). Pathogenicity studies conducted in Spain and France indicate that Pratylenchus vulnus is damaging to apple, pear, quince and several Prunus rootstocks including plum (references in Pinochet et al., 1998).
It is worth mentioning that it is difficult to accurately measure the damage that these nematodes can cause because infested roots are normally invaded by soil microorganisms, mainly secondary fungi and bacteria, which contribute to promote root tissue rotting and masking the effect of the primary pathogen (Pinochet, 2011).
What is the likely economic impact of the pest irrespective of its infestation source in the absence of phytosanitary measures? (= official measures)
Medium to Major
Is the economic impact due to the presence of the pest on the named host plant for planting, acceptable to the propagation and end user sectors concerned?
No
Is there unacceptable economic impact caused to other hosts (or the same host with a different intended use) produced at the same place of production due to the transfer of the pest from the named host plant for planting?
Conclusion:
Candidate
Justification:
The economic impact of this pathogen on Prunus is widely demonstrated, as well as the potential impacts on other hosts (Malus, Pyrus).
Most commercial Prunus rootstocks are susceptible to Pratylenchus vulnus attack (Di Vito et al., 2002; Pinochet, 2011). The best sources of resistance remain in wild Prunus species such as P. tomentosa and P. fremontii but they have major detrimental traits for plant breeding, and they do not cross or graft with commercial rootstock material (Stalin et al., 1998). In addition, host resistance to Pratylenchus spp. is usually only partial (Jones et al., 2013) and the recessive nature is suspected (Pinochet, 2011).
It is also important to note that, in stone fruit trees, a variable response to different populations of P. vulnus has been observed, with some of them being notoriously more damaging. The aggressiveness is apparently determined by the high reproduction rate of the pathogen on some Prunus rootstocks. (Pinochet, 2011).
The damage caused by Pratylenchus is usually most severe in light-textured soils that are low in nutrients (e.g. nitrogen, potassium, or calcium) and in organic matter (Anonymous, 1999).
pH and soil texture were the most influential variables in Pratylenchus distribution and abundance during the study of Clavero-Camacho et al. (2024) on plant parasitic nematodes affecting Prunus species in Spain.
Most commercial Prunus rootstocks are susceptible to Pratylenchus vulnus attack (Di Vito et al., 2002; Pinochet, 2011). The best sources of resistance remain in wild Prunus species such as P. tomentosa and P. fremontii but they have major detrimental traits for plant breeding, and they do not cross or graft with commercial rootstock material (Stalin et al., 1998). In addition, host resistance to Pratylenchus spp. is usually only partial (Jones et al., 2013) and the recessive nature is suspected (Pinochet, 2011).
It is also important to note that, in stone fruit trees, a variable response to different populations of P. vulnus has been observed, with some of them being notoriously more damaging. The aggressiveness is apparently determined by the high reproduction rate of the pathogen on some Prunus rootstocks. (Pinochet, 2011).
The damage caused by Pratylenchus is usually most severe in light-textured soils that are low in nutrients (e.g. nitrogen, potassium, or calcium) and in organic matter (Anonymous, 1999).
pH and soil texture were the most influential variables in Pratylenchus distribution and abundance during the study of Clavero-Camacho et al. (2024) on plant parasitic nematodes affecting Prunus species in Spain.
6 - Are there feasible and effective measures available to prevent the presence of the pest on the plants for planting at an incidence above a certain threshold (including zero) to avoid an unacceptable economic impact as regards the relevant host plants?
Yes
Conclusion:
Candidate
Justification:
Rootstock selection: Use certified nematode-free rootstocks. Resistance against Pratylenchus vulnus is variable (UC IPM, 2017a, b,c d) some rootstocks are more susceptible than others. Not many Prunus rootstocks are resistant against P. vulnus (McKendry, 2007).
The propagation material is kept either in containers of sterilized growing medium or in soil that has been tested and found free from Pratylenchus vulnus (PM4/17-3)
Propagation of rootstock on fields which are tested and found free of nematodes.
Fallowing or sowing cereals: it is advisable to leave the land selected for cultivation for 1-2 years (preferably without weeds) or to sow cereals in the season prior to the establishment of the orchard. Both practices are relatively effective in reducing nematode populations in the soil by starvation (Pinochet, 2011).
Disinfection of plant material: recommended practice for nurseries and commercial plantations. It consists of immersing the seedlings (bare root) in hot water (40 - 50ºC) for 10-30 min. It has been successfully used to disinfect cherry, peach and apple seedlings, and is applicable to most fruit species. Another alternative practice with good results is the immersion of roots in an aqueous solution with nematicide. The cost of both operations is usually high (Pinochet, 2011).
The propagation material is kept either in containers of sterilized growing medium or in soil that has been tested and found free from Pratylenchus vulnus (PM4/17-3)
Propagation of rootstock on fields which are tested and found free of nematodes.
Fallowing or sowing cereals: it is advisable to leave the land selected for cultivation for 1-2 years (preferably without weeds) or to sow cereals in the season prior to the establishment of the orchard. Both practices are relatively effective in reducing nematode populations in the soil by starvation (Pinochet, 2011).
Disinfection of plant material: recommended practice for nurseries and commercial plantations. It consists of immersing the seedlings (bare root) in hot water (40 - 50ºC) for 10-30 min. It has been successfully used to disinfect cherry, peach and apple seedlings, and is applicable to most fruit species. Another alternative practice with good results is the immersion of roots in an aqueous solution with nematicide. The cost of both operations is usually high (Pinochet, 2011).
7- Is the quality of the data sufficient to recommend the pest to be listed as a RNQP?
Yes
Conclusion:
Candidate
Justification:
CONCLUSION ON THE STATUS:
Recommended for listing as an RNQP, based on data.
8 - Tolerance level:
Is there a need to change the Tolerance level:
No
Proposed Tolerance levels:
9 - Risk management measures:
Is there a need to change the Risk management measure:
Yes
Proposed Risk management measure:
Non-Certified material (‘Conformitas Agraria Communitatis (CAC)’):
• Mother plants have been produced in a pest free place/site of production
or
• Material obtained from mother plants does not contain roots and soil
AND
• Plants have been produced in soil/growing medium considered free from P. vulnus (e.g. tested soil, use of sterilized growing media or soil-free).
• Mother plants have been produced in a pest free place/site of production
or
• Material obtained from mother plants does not contain roots and soil
AND
• Plants have been produced in soil/growing medium considered free from P. vulnus (e.g. tested soil, use of sterilized growing media or soil-free).
Justification (if necessary):
The risk of transmission of this nematode is restricted to materials with roots and soil. Generally, material obtained from mother plants (e.g. buds, cuttings...) doesn’t contain roots and soil. The critical point to avoid the spread of this pest is in the nurseries where certified and CAC seedlings are produced for marketing to growers or end users. Considering that detection by inspection is practically impossible when no symptoms are observed, that symptomology is non-specific (both above and below ground) and the complexity to perform laboratory testing, the fruit SEWG considered that PFA should not be proposed as an option. The Fruit SEWG also considered that an option requiring not growing hosts during > 5 years was not realistic considering how polyphagous the pest is.
Hot water treatments with some time-temperature schedules have been shown to be effective against Verticillium (Anonymous, 1999; Lim et al., 2024). Further work would be needed to validate if these schedules are applicable to the different host species under practical circumstances.
It is difficult to see the symptoms since this involves uprooting the plant. Establishing a threshold for visual symptoms is not considered appropriate.
Hot water treatments with some time-temperature schedules have been shown to be effective against Verticillium (Anonymous, 1999; Lim et al., 2024). Further work would be needed to validate if these schedules are applicable to the different host species under practical circumstances.
It is difficult to see the symptoms since this involves uprooting the plant. Establishing a threshold for visual symptoms is not considered appropriate.
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